PENGUINITIS - 物理モデルリスト

物理モデルリスト 2016年12月10日
はじめに物理モデルリストの表示について。使用バージョン OpenFOAM 4.x (blueCFD) 物理モデルリスト OpenFOAM に用意されている物理モデルとその説明のリストが必要な場合がある。各物理モデルの説明はソースコードのコメントの Discription に書かれているので、それを並べられればよい。以下のようなスクリプトでリストが得られる (抜けや余分なものがあるかも)。標準ソルバー独自のものもあるので、それも表示している。説明がないものもある。抽象クラスや補助的なクラスなども含まれる。fvOptions のものは除いてある。 show_models #!/bin/sh COUNT=0 for DIR in $FOAM_SRC $FOAM_SOLVERS ; do cd $DIR for MODEL_PATH in `find \| sort -f \| grep Model \| grep -v FvPatch \| grep -vi include \| grep "\.H$" \| grep -v fvOptions \| xargs -I {} dirname {} \| sed -e "s%^./%%" \| uniq` ; do FILES=$MODEL_PATH/`basename $MODEL_PATH`.H for FILE in $FILES ; do if [ -f $FILE ] ; then echo $MODEL_PATH echo cat $FILE \| awk ' /\\\/ {exit} /SourceFiles/ {exit} a == 1 {print} /Description/ {a = 1} ' echo COUNT=`expr $COUNT + 1` break fi done done done echo Total $COUNT 実行結果 combustionModels/combustionModel Base class for combustion models combustionModels/diffusion Simple diffusion-based combustion model based on the principle mixed is burnt. Additional parameter C is used to distribute the heat release rate in time. combustionModels/FSD Flame Surface Dennsity (FDS) combustion model. The fuel source term is given by mgftpcomegaFuelBar. where: mgft: filtered flame area. pc: probability of the combustion progress. omegaFuelBar: filtered consumption speed per unit of flame area. pc is considered from the IFC solution. omegaFuelBar is calculated solving a relaxation equation which tends to omegaEq. This omegaEq is obtained from the flamelet solution for different strain rates and fit using a expential distribution. The spacial distribution of the consumption speed (omega) is obtained also from a strained flamelet solution and it is assumed to have a guassian distribution. If the grid resolution is not enough to resolve the flame, the consumption speed distribution is linearly thickened conserving the overall heat release. If the turbulent fluctuation of the mixture fraction at the sub-grid level is large (>1e-04) then a beta pdf is used for filtering. At the moment the flame area combustion model is only fit to work in a LES frame work. In RAS the subgrid fluctuation has to be solved by an extra transport equation. combustionModels/FSD/reactionRateFlameAreaModels/consumptionSpeed Correlation function for laminar consumption speed obtained from flamelet solution at increasing strain rates. combustionModels/FSD/reactionRateFlameAreaModels/reactionRateFlameArea Abstract class for reaction rate per flame area unit combustionModels/FSD/reactionRateFlameAreaModels/relaxation Consumption rate per unit of flame area obtained from a relaxation equation combustionModels/infinitelyFastChemistry Simple infinitely fast chemistry combustion model based on the principle mixed is burnt. Additional parameter C is used to distribute the heat release rate.in time combustionModels/laminar Laminar combustion model. combustionModels/noCombustion Dummy combustion model for 'no combustion' combustionModels/PaSR Partially stirred reactor combustion model. The model calculates a finite rate, based on both turbulence and chemistry time scales. Depending on mesh resolution, the Cmix parameter can be used to scale the turbulence mixing time scale. combustionModels/psiCombustionModel/psiChemistryCombustion Compressibility-based chemistry model wrapper for combustion models combustionModels/psiCombustionModel/psiCombustionModel Combustion models for compressibility-based thermodynamics combustionModels/psiCombustionModel/psiThermoCombustion Compressibility-based thermo model wrapper for combustion models combustionModels/rhoCombustionModel/rhoChemistryCombustion Density-based chemistry model wrapper for combustion models combustionModels/rhoCombustionModel/rhoCombustionModel Combustion models for rho-based thermodynamics combustionModels/rhoCombustionModel/rhoThermoCombustion Density-based thermo model wrapper for combustion models combustionModels/singleStepCombustion Base class for combustion models using singleStepReactingMixture. finiteVolume/cfdTools/general/porosityModel/DarcyForchheimer Darcy-Forchheimer law porosity model, given by: \f[ S = - (\mu d + \frac{\rho \|U\|}{2} f) U \f] where \vartable d \| Darcy coefficient [1/m2] f \| Forchheimer coefficient [1/m] \endvartable Since negative Darcy/Forchheimer parameters are invalid, they can be used to specify a multiplier (of the max component). The orientation of the porous region is defined with the same notation as a co-ordinate system, but only a Cartesian co-ordinate system is valid. finiteVolume/cfdTools/general/porosityModel/fixedCoeff Fixed coefficient form of porosity model \f[ S = - \rho_ref (\alpha + \beta \|U\|) U \f] In the case of compressible flow, a value for the reference density is required finiteVolume/cfdTools/general/porosityModel/porosityModel Top level model for porosity models finiteVolume/cfdTools/general/porosityModel/powerLaw Power law porosity model, given by: \f[ S = - \rho C_0 \|U\|^{(C_1 - 1)} U \f] where \vartable C_0 \| model linear coefficient C_1 \| model exponent coefficient \endvartable finiteVolume/cfdTools/general/SRF/SRFModel/rpm Basic SRF model whereby angular velocity is specified in terms of a (global) axis and revolutions-per-minute [rpm] finiteVolume/cfdTools/general/SRF/SRFModel/SRFModel Namespace for single rotating frame (SRF) models Class Foam::SRF::SRFModel Description Top level model for single rotating frame - Steady state only - no time derivatives included lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationDiffusionLimitedRate Diffusion limited rate surface reaction model for coal parcels. Limited to: C(s) + SbO2 -> CO2 where Sb is the stoichiometry of the reaction lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationHurtMitchell Char oxidation model given by Hurt and Mitchell: Based on the reference: Hurt R. and Mitchell R., "Unified high-temperature char combustion kinetics for a suite of coals of various rank", 24th Symposium in Combustion, The Combustion Institute, 1992, p 1243-1250 Model specifies the rate of char combustion. C(s) + SbO2 -> CO2 where Sb is the stoichiometry of the reaction Model validity: Gas temperature: Tc > 1500 K Particle sizes: 75 um -> 200 um Pox > 0.3 atm lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationIntrinsicRate Intrinsic char surface reaction mndel C(s) + SbO2 -> CO2 where Sb is the stoichiometry of the reaction lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationKineticDiffusionLimitedRate Kinetic/diffusion limited rate surface reaction model for coal parcels. Limited to: C(s) + SbO2 -> CO2 where Sb is the stoichiometry of the reaction lagrangian/coalCombustion/submodels/surfaceReactionModel/COxidationMurphyShaddix Limited to C(s) + O2 -> CO2 Loosely based on the reference: Murphy, J. J., Shaddix, C. R., Combustion kinetics of coal chars in oxygen-enriched environments, Combustion and Flame 144, pp710-729, 2006 lagrangian/distributionModels/distributionModel A library of runtime-selectable distribution models. Returns a sampled value given the expectation (nu) and variance (sigma^2) Current distribution models include: - exponential - fixedValue - general - multi-normal - normal - Rosin-Rammler - uniform The distributionModel is tabulated in equidistant nPoints, in an interval. These values are integrated to obtain the cumulated distribution model, which is then used to change the distribution from unifrom to the actual distributionModel. lagrangian/distributionModels/exponential exponential distribution model lagrangian/distributionModels/fixedValue Returns a fixed value lagrangian/distributionModels/general general distribution model lagrangian/distributionModels/multiNormal A multiNormal distribution model \verbatim model = sum_i strength_i * exp(-0.5((x - expectation_i)/variance_i)^2 ) \endverbatim lagrangian/distributionModels/normal A normal distribution model \verbatim model = strength exp(-0.5((x - expectation)/variance)^2 ) \endverbatim strength only has meaning if there's more than one distribution model lagrangian/distributionModels/RosinRammler Rosin-Rammler distributionModel \f[ cumulative model = (1.0 - exp( -(( x - d0)/d)^n ) / (1.0 - exp( -((d1 - d0)/d)^n ) \f] lagrangian/distributionModels/uniform Uniform/equally-weighted distribution model lagrangian/DSMC/submodels/BinaryCollisionModel/BinaryCollisionModel Templated DSMC particle collision class lagrangian/DSMC/submodels/BinaryCollisionModel/LarsenBorgnakkeVariableHardSphere Variable Hard Sphere BinaryCollision Model with Larsen Borgnakke internal energy redistribution. Based on the INELRS subroutine in Bird's DSMC0R.FOR lagrangian/DSMC/submodels/BinaryCollisionModel/NoBinaryCollision No collison BinaryCollision Model lagrangian/DSMC/submodels/BinaryCollisionModel/VariableHardSphere Variable Hard Sphere BinaryCollision Model lagrangian/DSMC/submodels/InflowBoundaryModel/FreeStream Inserting new particles across the faces of a all patched of type "patch" for a free stream. Uniform values number density, temperature and velocity sourced face-by-face from the boundaryT and boundaryU fields of the cloud. lagrangian/DSMC/submodels/InflowBoundaryModel/InflowBoundaryModel Templated inflow boundary model class lagrangian/DSMC/submodels/InflowBoundaryModel/NoInflow Not inserting any particles lagrangian/DSMC/submodels/WallInteractionModel/MaxwellianThermal Wall interaction setting microscopic velocity to a random one drawn from a Maxwellian distribution corresponding to a specified temperature lagrangian/DSMC/submodels/WallInteractionModel/MixedDiffuseSpecular Wall interaction setting microscopic velocity to a random one drawn from a Maxwellian distribution corresponding to a specified temperature for a specified fraction of collisions, and reversing the wall-normal component of the particle velocity for the remainder. lagrangian/DSMC/submodels/WallInteractionModel/SpecularReflection Reversing the wall-normal component of the particle velocity lagrangian/DSMC/submodels/WallInteractionModel/WallInteractionModel Templated wall interaction model class lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/CollisionModel/CollisionModel Templated collision model class. lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/CollisionModel/NoCollision Place holder for 'none' option lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/CollisionModel/PairCollision lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/CollisionModel/PairCollision/PairModel/PairModel Templated pair interaction class lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/CollisionModel/PairCollision/PairModel/PairSpringSliderDashpot Pair forces between particles colliding with a spring, slider, damper model lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/CollisionModel/PairCollision/WallModel/WallLocalSpringSliderDashpot Forces between particles and walls, interacting with a spring, slider, damper model lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/CollisionModel/PairCollision/WallModel/WallModel Templated wall interaction class lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/CollisionModel/PairCollision/WallModel/WallSpringSliderDashpot Forces between particles and walls, interacting with a spring, slider, damper model lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/CollisionModel/PairCollision/WallSiteData Stores the patch ID and templated data to represent a collision with a wall to be passed to the wall model. lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/DispersionModel/DispersionModel lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/DispersionModel/NoDispersion Place holder for 'none' option lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/InjectionModel/CellZoneInjection Injection positions specified by a particle number density within a cell set. User specifies: - Number density of particles in cell set (effective) - Total mass to inject - Initial parcel velocity Properties: - Parcel diameters obtained by PDF model - All parcels introduced at SOI lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/InjectionModel/ConeInjection Multi-point cone injection model. User specifies: - time of start of injection - list of injector positions and directions (along injection axes) - number of parcels to inject per injector - parcel velocities - inner and outer half-cone angles Properties: - Parcel diameters obtained by distribution model lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/InjectionModel/ConeNozzleInjection Cone injection. User specifies: - time of start of injection - injector position - direction (along injection axis) - parcel flow rate - inner and outer half-cone angles Properties: - Parcel diameters obtained by size distribution model. - Parcel velocity is calculated as: - Constant velocity: \verbatim U = \ \endverbatim - Pressure driven velocity: \verbatim U = sqrt(2(Pinj - Pamb)/rho) \endverbatim - Flow rate and discharge: \verbatim U = V_dot/(ACd) \endverbatim lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/InjectionModel/FieldActivatedInjection Injection at specified positions, with the conditions: For injection to be allowed \verbatim factorreferenceField[celli] >= thresholdField[celli] \endverbatim where: - \c referenceField is the field used to supply the look-up values - \c thresholdField supplies the values beyond which the injection is permitted. Limited to a user-supplied number of injections per injector location lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/InjectionModel/InflationInjection Inflation injection - creates new particles by splitting existing particles within in a set of generation cells, then inflating them to a target diameter within the generation cells and an additional set of inflation cells. lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/InjectionModel/InjectionModel Templated injection model class. The injection model nominally describes the parcel: - position - diameter - velocity In this case, the fullyDescribed() flag should be set to 0 (false). When the parcel is then added to the cloud, the remaining properties are populated using values supplied in the constant properties. If, however, all of a parcel's properties are described in the model, the fullDescribed() flag should be set to 1 (true). lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/InjectionModel/KinematicLookupTableInjection Particle injection sources read from look-up table. Each row corresponds to an injection site. \verbatim ( (x y z) (u v w) d rho mDot // injector 1 (x y z) (u v w) d rho mDot // injector 2 ... (x y z) (u v w) d rho mDot // injector N ); \endverbatim where: \plaintable x, y, z \| global cartesian co-ordinates [m] u, v, w \| global cartesian velocity components [m/s] d \| diameter [m] rho \| density [kg/m3] mDot \| mass flow rate [kg/m3] \endplaintable lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/InjectionModel/ManualInjection Manual injection. User specifies: - Total mass to inject - Parcel positions in file \c positionsFile - Initial parcel velocity Properties: - Parcel diameters obtained by distribution model - All parcels introduced at SOI lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/InjectionModel/NoInjection Place holder for 'none' option lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/InjectionModel/PatchFlowRateInjection Patch injection, by using patch flow rate to determine concentration and velocity. User specifies: - Total mass to inject - Name of patch - Injection duration - Injection target concentration/carrier volume flow rate Properties: - Initial parcel velocity given by local flow velocity - Parcel diameters obtained by distribution model - Parcels injected randomly across the patch lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/InjectionModel/PatchInjection Patch injection. User specifies: - Total mass to inject - Name of patch - Injection duration - Initial parcel velocity - Injection volume flow rate Properties: - Parcel diameters obtained by distribution model - Parcels injected randomly across the patch lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/PatchInteractionModel/LocalInteraction Patch interaction specified on a patch-by-patch basis lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/PatchInteractionModel/MultiInteraction Runs multiple patch interaction models in turn. Takes dictionary where all the subdictionaries are the interaction models. // Exit upon first successful interaction or continue doing other // models. Returned nteraction status will be true if there has been any // interaction (so logical or) oneInteractionOnly true; model1 { patchInteractionModel coincidentBaffleInteraction; coincidentBaffleInteractionCoeffs { coincidentPatches ( (pipetteWall_A pipetteCyclic_half0) (pipetteWall_B pipetteCyclic_half1) ); } } model2 { patchInteractionModel localInteraction; localInteractionCoeffs { patches ( cWall { type rebound; } pipetteWall_A { type rebound; } pipetteWall_B { type rebound; } ); } } lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/PatchInteractionModel/NoInteraction Dummy class for 'none' option - will raise an error if any functions are called that require return values. lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/PatchInteractionModel/PatchInteractionModel Templated patch interaction model class lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/PatchInteractionModel/Rebound Simple rebound patch interaction model lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/PatchInteractionModel/StandardWallInteraction Wall interaction model. Three choices: - rebound - optionally specify elasticity and restitution coefficients - stick - particles assigned zero velocity - escape - remove particle from the domain Example usage: \verbatim StandardWallInteractionCoeffs { type rebound; // stick, escape e 1; // optional - elasticity coeff mu 0; // optional - restitution coeff } \endverbatim lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/StochasticCollision/StochasticCollisionModel Templated stochastic collision model class lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/SurfaceFilmModel/NoSurfaceFilm Place holder for 'none' option lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Kinematic/SurfaceFilmModel/SurfaceFilmModel Templated wall surface film model class. lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/MPPIC/DampingModels/DampingModel Base class for collisional damping models. lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/MPPIC/DampingModels/NoDamping lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/MPPIC/DampingModels/Relaxation Relaxation collisional damping model. Particle velocities are relaxed towards the local mean over a time-scale. Reference: \verbatim "An improved collision damping time for MP-PIC calculations of dense particle flows with applications to polydisperse sedimenting beds and colliding particle jets" P O'Rourke and D Snider Chemical Engineering Science Volume 65, Issue 22, Pages 6014-6028, November 2010 \endverbatim lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/MPPIC/IsotropyModels/IsotropyModel Base class for collisional return-to-isotropy models. lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/MPPIC/IsotropyModels/NoIsotropy lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/MPPIC/IsotropyModels/Stochastic Stochastic return-to-isotropy model. Particle velocities are modified by sampling a gaussian-plus-delta distribution, which depends on a time-scale. This randomises some particle velocities whilst leaving others unchanged. The lower the value of the time-scale, the greater the proportion of particle velocities affected. A correction step is performed at the end to ensure that the model conserves both momentum and granular temperature. Reference: \verbatim "Inclusion of collisional return-to-isotropy in the MP-PIC method" P O'Rourke and D Snider Chemical Engineering Science Volume 80, Issue 0, Pages 39-54, December 2012 \endverbatim lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/MPPIC/PackingModels/Explicit Explicit model for applying an inter-particle stress to the particles. The inter-particle stress is calculated using current particle locations. This force is then applied only to the particles that are moving towards regions of close pack. The resulting velocity change is limited using an abtracted correction velocity limiter. Reference: \verbatim "An Incompressible Three-Dimensional Multiphase Particle-in-Cell Model for Dense Particle Flows" D Snider Journal of Computational Physics Volume 170, Issue 2, Pages 523-549, July 2001 \endverbatim lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/MPPIC/PackingModels/Implicit Implicit model for applying an inter-particle stress to the particles. The time evolution of particulate volume fraction is solved for implicitly on the eulerian mesh. The computed flux is then applied to the lagrangian field. The gravity force can optionally be applied to the particles as part of this model, using the keyword "applyGravity". lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/MPPIC/PackingModels/NoPacking lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/MPPIC/PackingModels/PackingModel Base class for packing models. lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/MPPIC/ParticleStressModels/exponential Exponential inter-particle stress model of the same form as used in twoPhaseEulerFoam lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/MPPIC/ParticleStressModels/HarrisCrighton Inter-particle stress model of Harris and Crighton The stress value takes the following form: \f[ \frac{P_s \alpha^\beta}{ \mathrm{max} \left( \alpha_{pack} - \alpha , \epsilon ( 1 - \alpha ) \right) } \f] Here, \f$\alpha\f$ is the volume fraction of the dispersed phase, and the other values are modelling constants. A small value \f$\epsilon\f$ is used to limit the denominator to ensure numerical stability. Reference: \verbatim "Solitons, solitary waves, and voidage disturbances in gas-fluidized beds" S Harris and D Crighton, Journal of Fluid Mechanics Volume 266, Pages 243-276, 1994 \endverbatim lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/MPPIC/ParticleStressModels/Lun Inter-particle stress model of Lun et al The stress value takes the following form: \f[ \left( \alpha \rho + \alpha^2 \rho (1 + e) \frac{3}{5} \left( 1 - \left( \frac{\alpha}{\alpha_{pack}} \right)^\frac{1}{3} \right) \right) \frac{1}{3} \sigma^2 \f] Here, \f$\alpha\f$ is the volume fraction of the dispersed phase, \f$\rho\f$ is the density of the dispersed phase, \f$e\f$ is a coefficient of restitution, and \f$\sigma\f$ is the RMS velocity fluctuation. Reference: \verbatim "Kinetic theories for granular flow: inelastic particles in Couette flow and slightly inelastic particles in a general flowfield" C Lun, S Savage, G Jeffrey, N Chepurniy Journal of Fluid Mechanics Volume 140, Pages 223-256, 1984 \endverbatim lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/MPPIC/ParticleStressModels/ParticleStressModel Base class for inter-particle stress models. lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/MPPIC/TimeScaleModels/equilibrium Equlibrium model for the time scale over which properties of a dispersed phase tend towards the mean value. Reference: \verbatim "A model for collisional exchange in gas/liquid/solid fluidized beds" P O'Rourke, P Zhao and D Snider Chemical Engineering Science Volume 64, Issue 8, Pages 1784-1797, April 2009 \endverbatim lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/MPPIC/TimeScaleModels/isotropic Model for the time scale over which the velocity field of a dispersed phase tends towards an isotropic distribution. Reference: \verbatim "Inclusion of collisional return-to-isotropy in the MP-PIC method" P O'Rourke and D Snider Chemical Engineering Science Volume 80, Issue 0, Pages 39-54, December 2012 \endverbatim lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/MPPIC/TimeScaleModels/nonEquilibrium Non-Equlibrium model for the time scale over which properties of a dispersed phase tend towards the mean value. Reference: \verbatim "An improved collision damping time for MP-PIC calculations of dense particle flows with applications to polydisperse sedimenting beds and colliding particle jets" P O'Rourke and D Snider Chemical Engineering Science Volume 65, Issue 22, Pages 6014-6028, November 2010 \endverbatim lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/MPPIC/TimeScaleModels/TimeScaleModel Base class for time scale models. lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/CompositionModel/CompositionModel Templated reacting parcel composition model class Consists of carrier species (via thermo package), and additional liquids and solids lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/CompositionModel/NoComposition Dummy class for 'none' option - will raise an error if any functions are called that require return values. lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/CompositionModel/SingleMixtureFraction Templated parcel multi-phase, multi-component class lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/CompositionModel/SinglePhaseMixture Templated parcel single phase, multi-component class lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/InjectionModel/ReactingLookupTableInjection Particle injection sources read from look-up table. Each row corresponds to an injection site. ( (x y z) (u v w) d rho mDot T cp (Y0..YN) // injector 1 (x y z) (u v w) d rho mDot T cp (Y0..YN) // injector 2 ... (x y z) (u v w) d rho mDot T cp (Y0..YN) // injector N ); where: x, y, z = global cartesian co-ordinates [m] u, v, w = global cartesian velocity components [m/s] d = diameter [m] rho = density [kg/m3] mDot = mass flow rate [kg/m3] T = temperature [K] cp = specific heat capacity [J/kg/K] Y = list of mass fractions lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/LiquidEvaporation Liquid evaporation model - uses ideal gas assumption lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/LiquidEvaporationBoil Liquid evaporation model - uses ideal gas assumption - includes boiling model based on: \verbatim "Studies of Superheated Fuel Spray Structures and Vaporization in GDI Engines" Zuo, B., Gomes, A. M. and Rutland C. J. International Journal of Engine Research, 2000, Vol. 1(4), pp. 321-336 \endverbatim lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/NoPhaseChange Dummy phase change model for 'none' lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Reacting/PhaseChangeModel/PhaseChangeModel Templated phase change model class lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/ReactingMultiphase/DevolatilisationModel/ConstantRateDevolatilisation Constant rate devolatisation model - need to set vapourisation temperature to 600 K lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/ReactingMultiphase/DevolatilisationModel/DevolatilisationModel Templated devolatilisation model class lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/ReactingMultiphase/DevolatilisationModel/NoDevolatilisation Dummy devolatilisation model for 'none' lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/ReactingMultiphase/DevolatilisationModel/SingleKineticRateDevolatilisation Single kinetic rate devolatisation model. - acts on a per-specie basis - Rate given by Arrhenius eqn kappa = A1.exp(- E/R.T) Where: kappa = rate constant A1 = activation energy (user input) E = pre-exponential factor (user input) R = universal gas constant T = temperature Usage: SingleKineticRateDevolatilisationCoeffs { volatileData ( (CH4 12 0.5) // (name A1 E) (CO2 12 0.5) // (name A1 E) ); volatileResidualCoeff 1e-6; } lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/ReactingMultiphase/InjectionModel/ReactingMultiphaseLookupTableInjection Particle injection sources read from look-up table. Each row corresponds to an injection site. ( (x y z) (u v w) d rho mDot T cp (Y0..Y2) (Yg0..YgN) (Yl0..YlN) (Ys0..YsN) (x y z) (u v w) d rho mDot T cp (Y0..Y2) (Yg0..YgN) (Yl0..YlN) (Ys0..YsN) ... (x y z) (u v w) d rho mDot T cp (Y0..Y2) (Yg0..YgN) (Yl0..YlN) (Ys0..YsN) ); where: x, y, z = global cartesian co-ordinates [m] u, v, w = global cartesian velocity components [m/s] d = diameter [m] rho = density [kg/m3] mDot = mass flow rate [kg/m3] T = temperature [K] cp = specific heat capacity [J/kg/K] Y(3) = total mass fraction of gas (Y0), liquid (Y1), solid (Y3) Yg(Ngas) = mass fractions of gaseous components Yl(Nliq) = mass fractions of liquid components Ys(Nsld) = mass fractions of solid components lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/ReactingMultiphase/SurfaceReactionModel/NoSurfaceReaction Dummy surface reaction model for 'none' lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/ReactingMultiphase/SurfaceReactionModel/SurfaceReactionModel Templated surface reaction model class lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/HeatTransferModel/HeatTransferModel Templated heat transfer model class lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/HeatTransferModel/NoHeatTransfer Dummy heat transfer model for 'none' lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/HeatTransferModel/RanzMarshall The Ranz-Marshall correlation for heat transfer lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/InjectionModel/ThermoLookupTableInjection Particle injection sources read from look-up table. Each row corresponds to an injection site. ( (x y z) (u v w) d rho mDot T cp // injector 1 (x y z) (u v w) d rho mDot T cp // injector 2 ... (x y z) (u v w) d rho mDot T cp // injector N ); where: x, y, z = global cartesian co-ordinates [m] u, v, w = global cartesian velocity components [m/s] d = diameter [m] rho = density [kg/m3] mDot = mass flow rate [kg/m3] T = temperature [K] cp = specific heat capacity [J/kg/K] lagrangian/intermediate/submodels/Thermodynamic/SurfaceFilmModel/ThermoSurfaceFilm Thermo parcel surface film model. Responsible for: - injecting parcelss from the film model into the cloud, e.g. for dripping - parcel interaction with the film, e.g absorb, bounce, splash Splash model references: Bai and Gosman, `Mathematical modelling of wall films formed by impinging sprays', SAE 960626, 1996 Bai et al, `Modelling off gasoline spray impingement', Atom. Sprays, vol 12, pp 1-27, 2002 lagrangian/spray/submodels/AtomizationModel/AtomizationModel Templated atomization model class lagrangian/spray/submodels/AtomizationModel/BlobsSheetAtomization Primary Breakup Model for pressure swirl atomizers. Accurate description in @verbatim Z. Han, S. Parrish, P.V. Farrell, R.D. Reitz "Modeling Atomization Processes Of Pressure Swirl Hollow-Cone Fuel Sprays" Atomization and Sprays, vol. 7, pp. 663-684, 1997 and L. Allocca, G. Bella, A. De Vita, L. Di Angelo "Experimental Validation of a GDI Spray Model" SAE Technical Paper Series, 2002-01-1137 @endverbatim lagrangian/spray/submodels/AtomizationModel/LISAAtomization Primary Breakup Model for pressure swirl atomizers. Accurate description in @verbatim P.K. Senecal, D.P. Schmidt, I. Nouar, C.J. Rutland, R.D. Reitz, M. Corradini "Modeling high-speed viscous liquid sheet atomization" International Journal of Multiphase Flow 25 (1999) pags. 1073-1097 @endverbatim and @verbatim D.P. Schmidt, I. Nouar, P.K. Senecal, C.J. Rutland, J.K. Martin, R.D. Reitz "Pressure-Swirl Atomization in the Near Field" SAE Techical Paper Series 1999-01-0496 @endverbatim lagrangian/spray/submodels/AtomizationModel/NoAtomization Dummy phase change model for 'none' lagrangian/spray/submodels/BreakupModel/BreakupModel Templated break-up model class lagrangian/spray/submodels/BreakupModel/ETAB The Enhanced TAB model. Described in the papers below. @verbatim F.X. Tanner "Liquid Jet Atomization and Droplet Breakup Modeling of Non-Evaporating Diesel Fuel Sprays" SAE 970050, SAE Transactions: Journal of Engines, Vol 106, Sec 3 pp 127-140 F.X. Tanner and G. Weisser "Simulation of Liquid Jet Atomization for Fuel Sprays by Means of Cascade Drop Breakup Model" SAE 980808 SAE Technical Paper Series @endverbatim See also The TAB model lagrangian/spray/submodels/BreakupModel/NoBreakup Dummy breakup model for 'none' lagrangian/spray/submodels/BreakupModel/PilchErdman Particle secondary breakup model, based on the reference: @verbatim Pilch, M. and Erdman, C.A. "Use of breakup time data and velocity history data to predict the maximum size of stable fragments for acceleration induced breakup of a liquid drop." Int. J. Multiphase Flows 13 (1987), 741-757 @endverbatim The droplet fragment velocity is described by the equation: \f[ V_d = V sqrt(epsilon)(B1 T + B2 T^2) \f] Where: V_d : fragment velocity V : magnitude of the relative velocity epsilon : density ratio (rho_carrier/rho_droplet) T : characteristic break-up time B1, B2 : model input coefficients The authors suggest that: compressible flow : B1 = 0.751.0; B2 = 30.116 incompressible flow : B1 = 0.750.5; B2 = 30.0758 lagrangian/spray/submodels/BreakupModel/ReitzDiwakar secondary breakup model @verbatim Reitz, R.D. "Modelling atomization processes in highpressure vaporizing sprays" Atomization and Spray Technology 3 (1987), 309-337 @endverbatim @verbatim Reitz, R.D. and Diwakar, R. "Effect of drop breakup on fuel sprays" SAE Tech. paper series, 860469 (1986) @endverbatim @verbatim Reitz, R.D. and Diwakar, R. "Structure of high-pressure fuel sprays" SAE Tech. paper series, 870598 (1987) @endverbatim lagrangian/spray/submodels/BreakupModel/ReitzKHRT secondary breakup model which uses the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability theory to predict the 'stripped' droplets... and the Raleigh-Taylor instability as well. lagrangian/spray/submodels/BreakupModel/SHF Secondary Breakup Model to take account of the different breakup regimes, bag, molutimode, shear.... Accurate description in @verbatim R. Schmehl, G. Maier, S. Witting "CFD Analysis of Fuel Atomization, Secondary Droplet Breakup and Spray Dispersion in the Premix Duct of a LPP Combustor". Eight International Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems, 2000 @endverbatim lagrangian/spray/submodels/BreakupModel/TAB The TAB Method for Numerical Calculation of Spray Droplet Breakup. @verbatim O'Rourke, P.J. and Amsden, A.A., "The TAB Method for Numerical Calculation of Spray Droplet Breakup," 1987 SAE International Fuels and Lubricants Meeting and Exposition, Toronto, Ontario, November 2-5, 1987, Los Alamos National Laboratory document LA-UR-87-2105; SAE Technical Paper Series, Paper 872089. @endverbatim This implementation follows the kiva version. See also The Enhanced %TAB model - ETAB lagrangian/turbulence/submodels/Kinematic/DispersionModel/DispersionRASModel Base class for particle dispersion models based on RAS turbulence. lagrangian/turbulence/submodels/Kinematic/DispersionModel/GradientDispersionRAS The velocity is perturbed in the direction of -grad(k), with a Gaussian random number distribution with variance sigma. where sigma is defined below lagrangian/turbulence/submodels/Kinematic/DispersionModel/StochasticDispersionRAS The velocity is perturbed in random direction, with a Gaussian random number distribution with variance sigma. where sigma is defined below mesh/extrudeModel/cyclicSector Extrudes a sector. See also Foam::extrudeModels::sector mesh/extrudeModel/extrudeModel Top level extrusion model class mesh/extrudeModel/linearDirection Extrudes by transforming points in a specified direction by a given distance mesh/extrudeModel/linearNormal Extrudes by transforming points normal to the surface by a given distance. mesh/extrudeModel/linearRadial mesh/extrudeModel/planeExtrusion Extrudes by transforming points normal to the surface by 1 layer over a given distance. See also Foam::extrudeModels::linearNormal mesh/extrudeModel/radial mesh/extrudeModel/sector Extrudes by rotating a surface around an axis - extrusion is opposite the surface/patch normal so inwards the source mesh - axis direction has to be consistent with this. - use -mergeFaces option if doing full 360 and want to merge front and back - note direction of axis. This should be consistent with rotating against the patch normal direction. If you get it wrong you'll see all cells with extreme aspect ratio and internal faces wrong way around in checkMesh mesh/extrudeModel/sigmaRadial mesh/extrudeModel/wedge Extrudes by rotating a surface symmetrically around axis by 1 layer. See also Foam::extrudeModels::sector OpenFOAM/meshes/meshShapes/cellModel Maps a geometry to a set of cell primitives, which enables geometric cell data to be calculated without access to the primitive geometric level. This means mapping a 3D geometry to a set of pyramids which are each described by a cell face and the cell centre point. OpenFOAM/meshes/meshShapes/cellModeller A static collection of cell models, and a means of looking them up. OpenFOAM/primitives/subModelBase Base class for generic sub-models requiring to be read from dictionary. Provides a mechanism to read and write properties from a dictionary to enable clean re-starts. Used by, e.g. clou dsub-models. regionModels/pyrolysisModels/noPyrolysis Dummy surface pyrolysis model for 'none' regionModels/pyrolysisModels/pyrolysisModel Base class for pyrolysis models regionModels/pyrolysisModels/reactingOneDim Reacting, 1-D pyrolysis model regionModels/regionModel/regionModel Base class for region models regionModels/regionModel/regionModel1D Base class for 1-D region models regionModels/regionModel/regionModelFunctionObject/regionModelFunctionObject Region model function object base class regionModels/regionModel/regionProperties Simple class to hold region information for coupled region simulations. Gives per physics ('fluid', 'solid') the names of the regions. There is no assumption on this level that one region should only have one set of physics. regionModels/regionModel/singleLayerRegion Base class for single layer region models regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/kinematicSingleLayer Kinematic form of single-cell layer surface film model regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/noFilm Dummy surface film model for 'none' regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/kinematic/filmThermoModel/constantFilmThermo Constant thermo model regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/kinematic/filmThermoModel/filmThermoModel Base class for film thermo models regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/kinematic/filmThermoModel/liquidFilmThermo Liquid thermo model regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/kinematic/filmTurbulenceModel/filmTurbulenceModel Base class for film turbulence models regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/kinematic/filmTurbulenceModel/laminar Film laminar turbulence model. regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/kinematic/force/contactAngleForce Film contact angle force The effect of the contact angle force can be ignored over a specified distance from patches. regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/kinematic/force/force Base class for film (stress-based) force models regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/kinematic/force/forceList List container for film sources regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/kinematic/force/thermocapillaryForce Thermocapillary force regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/kinematic/injectionModel/curvatureSeparation Curvature film separation model Assesses film curvature via the mesh geometry and calculates a force balance of the form: F_sum = F_inertial + F_body + F_surface If F_sum < 0, the film separates. Similarly, if F_sum > 0 the film will remain attached. Based on description given by Owen and D. J. Ryley. The flow of thin liquid films around corners. International Journal of Multiphase Flow, 11(1):51-62, 1985. regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/kinematic/injectionModel/drippingInjection Film Dripping mass transfer model. If the film mass exceeds that needed to generate a valid parcel, the equivalent mass is removed from the film. New parcel diameters are sampled from a PDF. regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/kinematic/injectionModel/injectionModel Base class for film injection models, handling mass transfer from the film. regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/kinematic/injectionModel/injectionModelList List container for film injection models regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/kinematic/injectionModel/patchInjection Remove and inject the mass in the film as it passes over the selected patches. regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/thermo/filmRadiationModel/constantRadiation Film constant radiation model. The constant radiative flux is specified by the user, and operated over a time interval defined by a start time and duration. In addition, a mask can be applied to shield the film from the radiation. regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/thermo/filmRadiationModel/filmRadiationModel Base class for film radiation models regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/thermo/filmRadiationModel/noRadiation Dummy radiation model for 'none' option regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/thermo/filmRadiationModel/primaryRadiation Radiation model whereby the radiative heat flux is mapped from the primary region regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/thermo/filmRadiationModel/standardRadiation Standard radiation model regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/thermo/filmViscosityModel/ArrheniusViscosity The Arrhenius temperature-dependent viscosity model multiplies the viscosity of a base model by an Arrhenius-type temperature function: mu = mu0exp(k1(1/(T + k2) - 1/(Tref + k2))) Where: mu0 is the base-model viscosity k1 and k2 are Arrhenius coefficients T is the local temperature Tref is the reference temperature regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/thermo/filmViscosityModel/constantViscosity Constant viscosity model regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/thermo/filmViscosityModel/filmViscosityModel Base class for surface film viscosity models regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/thermo/filmViscosityModel/liquidViscosity liquidViscosity viscosity model regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/thermo/filmViscosityModel/thixotropicViscosity Thixotropic viscosity model based on the evolution of the structural parameter \f$ \lambda \f$: \f[ \lambda = a(1 - \lambda)^b - c \lambda \dot{\gamma}^d \f] The viscosity is then calculated using the expression \f[ \mu = \frac{\mu_{\infty}}{{1 - K \lambda}^2} \f] Where the parameter K is given by: \f[ K = 1 - \sqrt{\frac{\mu_{\infty}}{\mu_{0}}} \f] Here: \vartable \lambda \| structural parameter a \| model coefficient b \| model coefficient c \| model coefficient d \| model coefficient \dot{\gamma} \| stress rate [1/s] \mu_{0} \| limiting viscosity when \f$ \lambda = 1 \f$ \mu_{\infty} \| limiting viscosity when \f$ \lambda = 0 \f$ \endvartable Reference: \verbatim Barnes H A, 1997. Thixotropy - a review. J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech 70, pp 1-33 \endverbatim regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/thermo/heatTransferModel/constantHeatTransfer Constant heat transfer model regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/thermo/heatTransferModel/heatTransferModel Base class for film heat transfer models regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/thermo/heatTransferModel/mappedConvectiveHeatTransfer Convective heat transfer model based on a re-working of a Nusselt number correlation regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/thermo/phaseChangeModel/noPhaseChange Dummy phase change model for 'none' regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/thermo/phaseChangeModel/phaseChangeModel Base class for surface film phase change models regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/thermo/phaseChangeModel/solidification Solidification phase change model where all film mass is converted when the local temperature > activation temperature. The latent heat is assumed to be removed by heat-transfer to the wall. regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/submodels/thermo/phaseChangeModel/standardPhaseChange Standard phase change model with modification for boiling regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/surfaceFilmModel Base class for surface film models regionModels/surfaceFilmModels/thermoSingleLayer Thermodynamic form of single-cell layer surface film model Note: defining enthalpy as Cp(T - Tstd) - when using liquids from the thermophysical library, their enthalpies are calculated similarly, where Tstd = 298.15 K regionModels/thermalBaffleModels/noThermo Dummy surface pyrolysis model for 'none' regionModels/thermalBaffleModels/thermalBaffle 2D thermal baffle regionModels/thermalBaffleModels/thermalBaffleModel rigidBodyDynamics/rigidBodyModel Basic rigid-body model representing a system of rigid-bodies connected by 1-6 DoF joints. This class holds various body and joint state fields needed by the kinematics and forward-dynamics algorithms presented in reference: \verbatim Featherstone, R. (2008). Rigid body dynamics algorithms. Springer. Chapter 4. \endverbatim rigidBodyDynamics/rigidBodyModelState Holds the motion state of rigid-body model. thermophysicalModels/barotropicCompressibilityModel/barotropicCompressibilityModel Namespace for compressibility models. Class Foam::barotropicCompressibilityModel Description Abstract class for barotropic compressibility models thermophysicalModels/barotropicCompressibilityModel/Chung Chung compressibility model. thermophysicalModels/barotropicCompressibilityModel/linear linear compressibility model. thermophysicalModels/barotropicCompressibilityModel/Wallis Wallis compressibility model. thermophysicalModels/basic/basicThermo Abstract base-class for fluid and solid thermodynamic properties thermophysicalModels/basic/fluidThermo Fundamental fluid thermodynamic properties thermophysicalModels/basic/heThermo Enthalpy/Internal energy for a mixture thermophysicalModels/basic/mixtures/basicMixture Foam::basicMixture thermophysicalModels/basic/mixtures/pureMixture Foam::pureMixture thermophysicalModels/basic/psiThermo Basic thermodynamic properties based on compressibility thermophysicalModels/basic/rhoThermo Basic thermodynamic properties based on density thermophysicalModels/chemistryModel/chemistryModel/basicChemistryModel Base class for chemistry models thermophysicalModels/chemistryModel/chemistryModel/chemistryModel Extends base chemistry model by adding a thermo package, and ODE functions. Introduces chemistry equation system and evaluation of chemical source terms. thermophysicalModels/chemistryModel/chemistryModel/psiChemistryModel Chemistry model for compressibility-based thermodynamics thermophysicalModels/chemistryModel/chemistryModel/rhoChemistryModel Chemistry model for density-based thermodynamics thermophysicalModels/chemistryModel/chemistrySolver/chemistrySolver An abstract base class for solving chemistry thermophysicalModels/chemistryModel/chemistrySolver/EulerImplicit An Euler implicit solver for chemistry thermophysicalModels/chemistryModel/chemistrySolver/noChemistrySolver Dummy chemistry solver for 'none' option thermophysicalModels/chemistryModel/chemistrySolver/ode An ODE solver for chemistry thermophysicalModels/laminarFlameSpeed/constant Constant laminar flame speed model. thermophysicalModels/laminarFlameSpeed/Gulders Laminar flame speed obtained from Gulder's correlation. thermophysicalModels/laminarFlameSpeed/GuldersEGR Laminar flame speed obtained from Gulder's correlation with EGR modelling. thermophysicalModels/laminarFlameSpeed/laminarFlameSpeed Namespace for laminar flame speed models Class Foam::laminarFlameSpeed Description Abstract class for laminar flame speed thermophysicalModels/laminarFlameSpeed/RaviPetersen Laminar flame speed obtained from Ravi and Petersen's correlation. The correlation for the laminar flame speed \f$Su\f$ is of the following form: \f[ Su = \left( \sum \alpha_i \phi^i \right) \left( \frac{T}{T_{ref}} \right)^{\left( \sum \beta_j \phi^j \right)} \f] Where \f$\phi\f$ is the equivalence ratio, and \f$\alpha\f$ and \f$\beta\f$ are polynomial coefficients given for a number of pressure and equivalence ratio points. thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidMixtureProperties/liquidMixtureProperties A mixture of liquids An example of a two component liquid mixture: \verbatim { H2O { defaultCoeffs yes; // employ default coefficients } C7H16 { defaultCoeffs no; C7H16Coeffs { ... user defined properties for C7H16 } } } \endverbatim thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/aC10H7CH3 alphaMethylNaphthalene thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/Ar Liquid Ar thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/bC10H7CH3 betaMethylNaphthalene thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/C10H22 nDecane thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/C12H26 nDodecane thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/C13H28 nTriDecane thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/C14H30 nTetraDecane thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/C16H34 nHexaDecane thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/C2H5OH ethanol thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/C2H6 ethane thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/C2H6O diMethylEther thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/C3H6O acetone thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/C3H8 propane thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/C4H10O diEthylEther thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/C6H14 nHexane thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/C6H6 benzene thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/C7H16 nHeptane thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/C7H8 toluene thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/C8H10 ethylBenzene thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/C8H18 nOctane thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/C9H20 nNonane thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/CH3OH methanol thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/CH4N2O urea, note that some of the properties are unavailable in the literature and have been copied from water. thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/H2O water thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/iC3H8O iso-propanol thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/IC8H18 iso-Octane thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/IDEA The IDEA fuel is constructed by adding 30% alphaMethylNaphthalene with 70% n-decane. The new properties have been calculated by adding the values in these proportions and making a least square fit, using the same NSRDS-eq. so that Y = 0.3Y_naphthalene + 0.7Y_decane The valid Temperature range for n-decane is normally 243.51 - 617.70 K and for the naphthalene it is 242.67 - 772.04 K The least square fit was done in the interval 244 - 617 K The critical temperature was taken to be 618.074 K, since this is the 'c'-value in the rho-equation, which corresponds to Tcrit, This value was then used in the fit for the NSRDS6-eq, which uses Tcrit. (important for the latent heat and surface tension) The molecular weights are 142.20 and 142.285 and for the IDEA fuel it is thus 142.26 ( approximately 0.3142.2 + 0.7142.285 ) Critical pressure was set to the lowest one (n-Decane) Critical volume... also the lowest one (naphthalene) 0.523 m^3/kmol Second Virial Coefficient is n-Decane thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/liquidProperties The thermophysical properties of a liquidProperties thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/MB Liquid nC3H7COOCH3 or (MB) methyl butyrate (used for biodiesel surrogate) thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/N2 Liquid N2 thermophysicalModels/properties/liquidProperties/nC3H8O propanol thermophysicalModels/properties/solidMixtureProperties/solidMixtureProperties A mixture of solids An example of a two component solid mixture: \verbatim { C { defaultCoeffs yes; // employ default coefficients } ash { defaultCoeffs no; ashCoeffs { ... user defined properties for ash } } } \endverbatim thermophysicalModels/properties/solidProperties/ash Coal ash solid properties thermophysicalModels/properties/solidProperties/C Graphite solid properties thermophysicalModels/properties/solidProperties/CaCO3 Calcium carbonate (limestone) thermophysicalModels/properties/solidProperties/solidProperties The thermophysical properties of a solid thermophysicalModels/radiation/radiationModels/fvDOM/absorptionCoeffs Absorption coefficients class used in greyMeanAbsorptionEmission and wideBandAbsorptionEmission thermophysicalModels/radiation/radiationModels/fvDOM/blackBodyEmission Class black body emission Table of black body emissive power taken from: Modest, "Radiative Heat Transfer", pp.775-777, 1993 thermophysicalModels/radiation/radiationModels/fvDOM/fvDOM Finite Volume Discrete Ordinates Method. Solves the RTE equation for n directions in a participating media, not including scatter. Available absorption models: constantAbsorptionEmission greyMeanAbsoprtionEmission wideBandAbsorptionEmission i.e. dictionary \verbatim fvDOMCoeffs { nPhi 4; // azimuthal angles in PI/2 on X-Y. //(from Y to X) nTheta 0; // polar angles in PI (from Z to X-Y plane) convergence 1e-3; // convergence criteria for radiation //iteration maxIter 4; // maximum number of iterations cacheDiv true; // cache the div of the RTE equation. //NOTE: Caching div is "only" accurate if the upwind scheme is used //in div(Ji,Ii_h) } solverFreq 1; // Number of flow iterations per radiation iteration \endverbatim The total number of solid angles is 4nPhinTheta. In 1D the direction of the rays is X (nPhi and nTheta are ignored) In 2D the direction of the rays is on X-Y plane (only nPhi is considered) In 3D (nPhi and nTheta are considered) thermophysicalModels/radiation/radiationModels/fvDOM/radiativeIntensityRay Radiation intensity for a ray in a given direction thermophysicalModels/radiation/radiationModels/noRadiation No radiation - does nothing to energy equation source terms (returns zeros) thermophysicalModels/radiation/radiationModels/opaqueSolid Radiation for solid opaque solids - does nothing to energy equation source terms (returns zeros) but creates absorptionEmissionModel and scatterModel. thermophysicalModels/radiation/radiationModels/P1 Works well for combustion applications where optical thickness, tau is large, i.e. tau = aL > 3 (L = distance between objects) Assumes - all surfaces are diffuse - tends to over predict radiative fluxes from sources/sinks SOURCES NOT CURRENTLY INCLUDED * thermophysicalModels/radiation/radiationModels/radiationModel Namespace for radiation modelling Class Foam::radiation::radiationModel Description Top level model for radiation modelling thermophysicalModels/radiation/radiationModels/viewFactor View factor radiation model. The system solved is: C q = b where: Cij = deltaij/Ej - (1/Ej - 1)Fij q = heat flux b = A eb - Ho and: eb = sigmaT^4 Ej = emissivity Aij = deltaij - Fij Fij = view factor matrix thermophysicalModels/radiation/submodels/absorptionEmissionModel/absorptionEmissionModel Model to supply absorption and emission coefficients for radiation modelling thermophysicalModels/radiation/submodels/absorptionEmissionModel/binaryAbsorptionEmission Radiation coefficient based on two absorption models thermophysicalModels/radiation/submodels/absorptionEmissionModel/constantAbsorptionEmission Constant radiation absorption and emission coefficients for continuous phase thermophysicalModels/radiation/submodels/absorptionEmissionModel/greyMeanAbsorptionEmission greyMeanAbsorptionEmission radiation absorption and emission coefficients for continuous phase The coefficients for the species in the Look up table have to be specified for use in moles x P [atm], i.e. (k[i] = species[i]p9.869231e-6). The coefficients for CO and soot or any other added are multiplied by the respective mass fraction being solved All the species in the dictionary need either to be in the look-up table or being solved. Conversely, all the species solved do not need to be included in the calculation of the absorption coefficient The names of the species in the absorption dictionary must match exactly the name in the look-up table or the name of the field being solved The look-up table ("speciesTable") file should be in constant i.e. dictionary \verbatim LookUpTableFileName "speciesTable"; EhrrCoeff 0.0; CO2 { Tcommon 300.; // Common Temp invTemp true; // Is the polynomial using inverse temperature? Tlow 300.; // Low Temp Thigh 2500.; // High Temp loTcoeffs // coeffs for T < Tcommon ( 0 // a0 + 0 // a1T + 0 // a2T^(+/-)2 + 0 // a3T^(+/-)3 + 0 // a4T^(+/-)4 + 0 // a5T^(+/-)5 + ); hiTcoeffs // coeffs for T > Tcommon ( 18.741 -121.31e3 273.5e6 -194.05e9 56.31e12 -5.8169e15 ); } \endverbatim thermophysicalModels/radiation/submodels/absorptionEmissionModel/greyMeanSolidAbsorptionEmission greyMeanSolidAbsorptionEmission radiation absorption and emission coefficients for continuous phase The coefficients for the species in the Look up table have to be specified for use in moles x P [atm], i.e. (k[i] = species[i]p9.869231e-6). The coefficients for CO and soot or any other added are multiplied by the respective mass fraction being solved All the species in the dictionary need either to be in the look-up table or being solved. Conversely, all the species solved do not need to be included in the calculation of the absorption coefficient The names of the species in the absorption dictionary must match exactly the name in the look-up table or the name of the field being solved thermophysicalModels/radiation/submodels/absorptionEmissionModel/noAbsorptionEmission Dummy absorption-emission model for 'none' thermophysicalModels/radiation/submodels/absorptionEmissionModel/wideBandAbsorptionEmission wideBandAbsorptionEmission radiation absorption and emission coefficients for continuous phase. All the bands should have the same number of species and have to be entered in the same order. There is no check of continuity of the bands. They should not ovelap or have gaps. The emission constant proportionality is specified per band (EhrrCoeff). The coefficients for the species in the lookup table have to be specified for use in moles x P [atm].i.e. (k[i] = species[i]p9.869231e-6). The coefficients for CO and soot or any other added are multiplied by the respective mass fraction being solved. The look Up table file should be in the constant directory. band dictionary: \verbatim band0 { bandLimits (1.0e-6 2.63e-6); EhrrCoeff 0.0; species { CH4 { Tcommon 300.; Tlow 300.; Thigh 2500.; invTemp false; loTcoeffs (0 0 0 0 0 0) ; hiTcoeffs (.1 0 0 0 0 0); } CO2 { Tcommon 300.; Tlow 300.; Thigh 2500.; invTemp false; loTcoeffs (0 0 0 0 0 0) ; hiTcoeffs (.1 0 0 0 0 0); } H2O { Tcommon 300.; Tlow 300.; Thigh 2500.; invTemp false; loTcoeffs (0 0 0 0 0 0) ; hiTcoeffs (.1 0 0 0 0 0); } Ysoot { Tcommon 300.; Tlow 300.; Thigh 2500.; invTemp false; loTcoeffs (0 0 0 0 0 0) ; hiTcoeffs (.1 0 0 0 0 0); } } } \endverbatim thermophysicalModels/radiation/submodels/scatterModel/constantScatter Constant radiation scatter coefficient thermophysicalModels/radiation/submodels/scatterModel/noScatter Dummy scatter model for 'none' thermophysicalModels/radiation/submodels/scatterModel/scatterModel Base class for radiation scattering thermophysicalModels/radiation/submodels/sootModel/mixtureFractionSoot This soot model is purely an state model. The ammount of soot produced is determined by a single step chemistry as : nuf Fuel + nuOx Ox = nuP P + nuSoot soot nuSoot is prescribed by the user. The single step chemistry used is read from the combustion. The soot is not considered into the thermodynamics of the system and it is not considered as an extra specie in the solver. The spacial distribution is given by the normalization of the first product on the rhs of the reaction by default or it can be added as input. The input dictionary reads like in the radiationProperties dictionary: sootModel mixtureFractionSoot; mixtureFractionSootCoeffs { nuSoot 0.015; Wsoot 12; mappingField P; } thermophysicalModels/radiation/submodels/sootModel/noSoot noSoot thermophysicalModels/radiation/submodels/sootModel/sootModel Base class for soor models thermophysicalModels/reactionThermo/chemistryReaders/chemistryReader Abstract class for reading chemistry thermophysicalModels/reactionThermo/chemistryReaders/chemkinReader Foam::chemkinReader thermophysicalModels/reactionThermo/chemistryReaders/foamChemistryReader Chemistry reader for OpenFOAM format thermophysicalModels/reactionThermo/functionObjects/moleFractions This function object calculates mole-fraction fields from the mass-fraction fields of the psi/rhoReactionThermo and caches them for output and further post-processing. The names of the mole-fraction fields are obtained from the corresponding mass-fraction fields prepended by "X_" Example of function object specification: \verbatim moleFractions { type psiReactionThermoMoleFractions; } \endverbatim or \verbatim moleFractions { type rhoReactionThermoMoleFractions; } \endverbatim depending on the thermodynamics package used in the solver. See also Foam::functionObjects::fvMeshFunctionObject thermophysicalModels/reactionThermo/mixtures/basicCombustionMixture Specialization of the basicSpecieMixture for combustion. thermophysicalModels/reactionThermo/mixtures/basicMultiComponentMixture Multi-component mixture. Provides a list of mass fraction fields and helper functions to query mixture composition. thermophysicalModels/reactionThermo/mixtures/basicSpecieMixture Specialization of basicMultiComponentMixture for a mixture consisting of a number for molecular species. thermophysicalModels/reactionThermo/mixtures/egrMixture Foam::egrMixture thermophysicalModels/reactionThermo/mixtures/homogeneousMixture Foam::homogeneousMixture thermophysicalModels/reactionThermo/mixtures/inhomogeneousMixture Foam::inhomogeneousMixture thermophysicalModels/reactionThermo/mixtures/multiComponentMixture Foam::multiComponentMixture thermophysicalModels/reactionThermo/mixtures/reactingMixture Foam::reactingMixture thermophysicalModels/reactionThermo/mixtures/singleStepReactingMixture Single step reacting mixture thermophysicalModels/reactionThermo/mixtures/SpecieMixture Foam::SpecieMixture thermophysicalModels/reactionThermo/mixtures/veryInhomogeneousMixture Foam::veryInhomogeneousMixture thermophysicalModels/reactionThermo/psiReactionThermo Foam::psiReactionThermo thermophysicalModels/reactionThermo/psiuReactionThermo Foam::psiuReactionThermo thermophysicalModels/reactionThermo/rhoReactionThermo Foam::rhoReactionThermo thermophysicalModels/SLGThermo/SLGThermo Thermo package for (S)olids (L)iquids and (G)ases Takes reference to thermo package, and provides: - carrier : components of thermo - access to elemental properties - liquids : liquid components - access to elemental properties - solids : solid components - access to elemental properties If thermo is not a multi-component thermo package, carrier is NULL. Similarly, if no liquids or solids are specified, their respective pointers will also be NULL. Registered to the mesh so that it can be looked-up thermophysicalModels/solidChemistryModel/basicSolidChemistryModel Chemistry model for solid thermodynamics thermophysicalModels/solidChemistryModel/pyrolysisChemistryModel Pyrolysis chemistry model. It includes gas phase in the solid reaction. thermophysicalModels/solidChemistryModel/solidChemistryModel Extends base solid chemistry model by adding a thermo package, and ODE functions. Introduces chemistry equation system and evaluation of chemical source terms. thermophysicalModels/solidSpecie/reaction/reactionRate/solidArrheniusReactionRate Arrhenius reaction rate for solids thermophysicalModels/solidSpecie/reaction/Reactions.T/solidReaction Read solid reactions of the type S1 = S2 + G1 thermophysicalModels/solidSpecie/transport/const Constant properties Transport package. Templated into a given Thermodynamics package (needed for thermal conductivity). thermophysicalModels/solidSpecie/transport/exponential Exponential properties for solid heat transport Templated into a given thermodynamics package. thermophysicalModels/solidSpecie/transport/polynomial Transport package using polynomial functions for solid kappa thermophysicalModels/solidThermo/solidReactionThermo Foam::solidReactionThermo thermophysicalModels/solidThermo/solidThermo Fundamental solid thermodynamic properties thermophysicalModels/specie/atomicWeights A table of atomic weights for all the elements thermophysicalModels/specie/equationOfState/adiabaticPerfectFluid AdiabaticPerfect gas equation of state. thermophysicalModels/specie/equationOfState/Boussinesq Incompressible gas equation of state using the Boussinesq approximation for the density as a function of temperature only: \verbatim rho = rho0(1 - beta(T - T0)) \endverbatim thermophysicalModels/specie/equationOfState/icoPolynomial Incompressible, polynomial form of equation of state, using a polynomial function for density. thermophysicalModels/specie/equationOfState/incompressiblePerfectGas Incompressible gas equation of state using a constant reference pressure in the perfect gas equation of state rather than the local pressure so that the density only varies with temperature and composition. thermophysicalModels/specie/equationOfState/linear Linear equation of state with constant compressibility \verbatim rho = rho0 + psip \endverbatim thermophysicalModels/specie/equationOfState/PengRobinsonGas PengRobinsonGas gas equation of state. thermophysicalModels/specie/equationOfState/perfectFluid Perfect gas equation of state. thermophysicalModels/specie/equationOfState/perfectGas Perfect gas equation of state. thermophysicalModels/specie/equationOfState/rhoConst RhoConst (rho = const) of state. thermophysicalModels/specie/reaction/reactionRate/ArrheniusReactionRate Arrhenius reaction rate given by: k = A T^beta * exp(-Ta/T) thermophysicalModels/specie/reaction/reactionRate/ChemicallyActivatedReactionRate General class for handling chemically-activated bimolecular reactions. thermophysicalModels/specie/reaction/reactionRate/fallOffFunctions/LindemannFallOffFunction Lindemann fall-off function thermophysicalModels/specie/reaction/reactionRate/fallOffFunctions/SRIFallOffFunction The SRI fall-off function thermophysicalModels/specie/reaction/reactionRate/fallOffFunctions/TroeFallOffFunction The Troe fall-off function thermophysicalModels/specie/reaction/reactionRate/FallOffReactionRate General class for handling unimolecular/recombination fall-off reactions. thermophysicalModels/specie/reaction/reactionRate/infiniteReactionRate infinite reaction rate. thermophysicalModels/specie/reaction/reactionRate/JanevReactionRate Janev, Langer, Evans and Post reaction rate. thermophysicalModels/specie/reaction/reactionRate/LandauTellerReactionRate Landau-Teller reaction rate. thermophysicalModels/specie/reaction/reactionRate/LangmuirHinshelwood Power series reaction rate. thermophysicalModels/specie/reaction/reactionRate/powerSeries Power series reaction rate. thermophysicalModels/specie/reaction/reactionRate/thirdBodyArrheniusReactionRate Arrhenius reaction rate enhanced by third-body interation. thermophysicalModels/specie/reaction/reactionRate/thirdBodyEfficiencies Third body efficiencies thermophysicalModels/specie/reaction/Reactions.T/IrreversibleReaction Simple extension of Reaction to handle reversible reactions using equilibrium thermodynamics. thermophysicalModels/specie/reaction/Reactions.T/NonEquilibriumReversibleReaction Simple extension of Reaction to handle reversible reactions using equilibrium thermodynamics. thermophysicalModels/specie/reaction/Reactions.T/Reaction Simple extension of ReactionThermo to handle reaction kinetics in addition to the equilibrium thermodynamics already handled. thermophysicalModels/specie/reaction/Reactions.T/ReactionList List of templated reactions thermophysicalModels/specie/reaction/Reactions.T/ReversibleReaction Simple extension of Reaction to handle reversible reactions using equilibrium thermodynamics. thermophysicalModels/specie/specie Base class of the thermophysical property types. thermophysicalModels/specie/speciesTable A table of species as a hashedWordList thermophysicalModels/specie/thermo/absoluteEnthalpy Thermodynamics mapping class to expose the absolute enthalpy function as the standard enthalpy function h(T). thermophysicalModels/specie/thermo/absoluteInternalEnergy Thermodynamics mapping class to expose the absolute internal energy function as the standard internal energy function e(T). thermophysicalModels/specie/thermo/eConst Constant properties thermodynamics package templated on an equation of state thermophysicalModels/specie/thermo/hConst Constant properties thermodynamics package templated into the EquationOfState. thermophysicalModels/specie/thermo/hPolynomial Thermodynamics package templated on the equation of state, using polynomial functions for cp, h and s Polynomials for h and s derived from cp thermophysicalModels/specie/thermo/hPower Power-function based thermodynamics package templated on EquationOfState. In this thermodynamics package the heat capacity is a simple power of temperature: Cp(T) = c0(T/Tref)^n0; which is particularly suitable for solids. thermophysicalModels/specie/thermo/hRefConst Constant properties thermodynamics package templated into the EquationOfState. thermophysicalModels/specie/thermo/janaf JANAF tables based thermodynamics package templated into the equation of state. thermophysicalModels/specie/thermo/sensibleEnthalpy Thermodynamics mapping class to expose the sensible enthalpy function as the standard enthalpy function h(T). thermophysicalModels/specie/thermo/sensibleInternalEnergy Thermodynamics mapping class to expose the sensible internal energy function as the standard internal energy function e(T). thermophysicalModels/specie/thermo/thermo Basic thermodynamics type based on the use of fitting functions for cp, h, s obtained from the template argument type thermo. All other properties are derived from these primitive functions. thermophysicalModels/specie/transport/const Constant properties Transport package. Templated into a given thermodynamics package (needed for thermal conductivity). thermophysicalModels/specie/transport/logPolynomial Transport package using polynomial functions of ln(T) for mu and kappa: ln(mu) = sum_i=1^N( a[i] ln(T)^(i-1) ) ln(kappa) = sum_i=1^N( b[i] * ln(T)^(i-1) ) thermophysicalModels/specie/transport/polynomial Transport package using polynomial functions for mu and kappa thermophysicalModels/specie/transport/sutherland Transport package using Sutherland's formula. Templated into a given thermodynamics package (needed for thermal conductivity). Dynamic viscosity [kg/m.s] \f[ \mu = A_s \frac{\sqrt{T}}{1 + T_s / T} \f] thermophysicalModels/thermophysicalFunctions/APIfunctions/APIdiffCoefFunc API function for vapour mass diffusivity Source: \verbatim API (American Petroleum Institute) Technical Data Book \endverbatim thermophysicalModels/thermophysicalFunctions/NSRDSfunctions/NSRDSfunc0 NSRDS function number 100 Source: \verbatim NSRDS - AICHE Data Compilation Tables of Properties of Pure Compounds Design Institute for Physical Property Data American Institute of Chemical Engineers 345 East 47th Street New York, New York 10017 National Standard Reference Data System American Institute of Chemical Engineers T.E. Daubert - R.P. Danner Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 \endverbatim thermophysicalModels/thermophysicalFunctions/NSRDSfunctions/NSRDSfunc1 NSRDS function number 101 Source: \verbatim NSRDS - AICHE Data Compilation Tables of Properties of Pure Compounds Design Institute for Physical Property Data American Institute of Chemical Engineers 345 East 47th Street New York, New York 10017 National Standard Reference Data System American Institute of Chemical Engineers T.E. Daubert - R.P. Danner Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 \endverbatim thermophysicalModels/thermophysicalFunctions/NSRDSfunctions/NSRDSfunc14 NSRDS function number 114 Source: \verbatim NSRDS - AICHE Data Compilation Tables of Properties of Pure Compounds Design Institute for Physical Property Data American Institute of Chemical Engineers 345 East 47th Street New York, New York 10017 National Standard Reference Data System American Institute of Chemical Engineers T.E. Daubert - R.P. Danner Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 \endverbatim thermophysicalModels/thermophysicalFunctions/NSRDSfunctions/NSRDSfunc2 NSRDS function number 102 Source: \verbatim NSRDS - AICHE Data Compilation Tables of Properties of Pure Compounds Design Institute for Physical Property Data American Institute of Chemical Engineers 345 East 47th Street New York, New York 10017 National Standard Reference Data System American Institute of Chemical Engineers T.E. Daubert - R.P. Danner Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 \endverbatim thermophysicalModels/thermophysicalFunctions/NSRDSfunctions/NSRDSfunc3 NSRDS function number 103 Source: \verbatim NSRDS - AICHE Data Compilation Tables of Properties of Pure Compounds Design Institute for Physical Property Data American Institute of Chemical Engineers 345 East 47th Street New York, New York 10017 National Standard Reference Data System American Institute of Chemical Engineers T.E. Daubert - R.P. Danner Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 \endverbatim thermophysicalModels/thermophysicalFunctions/NSRDSfunctions/NSRDSfunc4 NSRDS function number 104 Source: \verbatim NSRDS - AICHE Data Compilation Tables of Properties of Pure Compounds Design Institute for Physical Property Data American Institute of Chemical Engineers 345 East 47th Street New York, New York 10017 National Standard Reference Data System American Institute of Chemical Engineers T.E. Daubert - R.P. Danner Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 \endverbatim thermophysicalModels/thermophysicalFunctions/NSRDSfunctions/NSRDSfunc5 NSRDS function number 105 Source: \verbatim NSRDS - AICHE Data Compilation Tables of Properties of Pure Compounds Design Institute for Physical Property Data American Institute of Chemical Engineers 345 East 47th Street New York, New York 10017 National Standard Reference Data System American Institute of Chemical Engineers T.E. Daubert - R.P. Danner Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 \endverbatim thermophysicalModels/thermophysicalFunctions/NSRDSfunctions/NSRDSfunc6 NSRDS function number 106 Source: \verbatim NSRDS - AICHE Data Compilation Tables of Properties of Pure Compounds Design Institute for Physical Property Data American Institute of Chemical Engineers 345 East 47th Street New York, New York 10017 National Standard Reference Data System American Institute of Chemical Engineers T.E. Daubert - R.P. Danner Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 \endverbatim thermophysicalModels/thermophysicalFunctions/NSRDSfunctions/NSRDSfunc7 NSRDS-AICHE function number 107 Source: \verbatim NSRDS - AICHE Data Compilation Tables of Properties of Pure Compounds Design Institute for Physical Property Data American Institute of Chemical Engineers 345 East 47th Street New York, New York 10017 National Standard Reference Data System American Institute of Chemical Engineers T.E. Daubert - R.P. Danner Department of Chemical Engineering The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 \endverbatim thermophysicalModels/thermophysicalFunctions/thermophysicalFunction Abstract base class for thermo-physical functions transportModels/compressible/compressibleTransportModel Base-class for all transport models used by the compressible turbulence models. transportModels/immiscibleIncompressibleTwoPhaseMixture An immiscible incompressible two-phase mixture transport model transportModels/incompressible/incompressibleTwoPhaseMixture A two-phase incompressible transportModel transportModels/incompressible/singlePhaseTransportModel A simple single-phase transport model based on viscosityModel. Used by the incompressible single-phase solvers like simpleFoam, turbFoam etc. transportModels/incompressible/transportModel Base-class for all transport models used by the incompressible turbulence models. transportModels/incompressible/viscosityModels/BirdCarreau An incompressible Bird-Carreau non-Newtonian viscosity model. The Bird-Carreau-Yasuda form is also supported if the optional "a" coefficient is specified. "a" defaults to 2 for the Bird-Carreau model. transportModels/incompressible/viscosityModels/CrossPowerLaw An incompressible Cross-Power law non-Newtonian viscosity model. transportModels/incompressible/viscosityModels/HerschelBulkley Herschel-Bulkley non-Newtonian viscosity model. transportModels/incompressible/viscosityModels/Newtonian An incompressible Newtonian viscosity model. transportModels/incompressible/viscosityModels/powerLaw Standard power-law non-Newtonian viscosity model. transportModels/incompressible/viscosityModels/viscosityModel A namespace for various incompressible viscosityModel implementations. Class Foam::viscosityModel Description An abstract base class for incompressible viscosityModels. The strain rate is defined by: mag(symm(grad(U))) transportModels/interfaceProperties/interfaceCompression Interface compression scheme currently based on the generic limited scheme although it does not use the NVD/TVD functions. transportModels/interfaceProperties Contains the interface properties. Properties to aid interFoam: -# Correct the alpha boundary condition for dynamic contact angle. -# Calculate interface curvature. transportModels/twoPhaseMixture/twoPhaseMixture A two-phase mixture model TurbulenceModels/compressible/CompressibleTurbulenceModel Templated abstract base class for single-phase compressible turbulence models. TurbulenceModels/compressible Abstract base class for turbulence models (RAS, LES and laminar). TurbulenceModels/compressible/EddyDiffusivity Templated abstract base class for single-phase compressible turbulence models. TurbulenceModels/compressible/RAS/buoyantKEpsilon Additional buoyancy generation/dissipation term applied to the k and epsilon equations of the standard k-epsilon model. Reference: \verbatim Henkes, R.A.W.M., Van Der Vlugt, F.F. & Hoogendoorn, C.J. (1991). Natural Convection Flow in a Square Cavity Calculated with Low-Reynolds-Number Turbulence Models. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 34, 1543-1557. \endverbatim This implementation is based on the density rather than temperature gradient extending the applicability to systems in which the density gradient may be generated by variation of composition rather than temperature. Further, the 1/Prt coefficient is replaced by Cg to provide more general control of model. The default model coefficients are \verbatim buoyantKEpsilonCoeffs { Cg 1.0; } \endverbatim See also Foam::RASModels::kEpsilon TurbulenceModels/compressible/ThermalDiffusivity Templated wrapper class to provide compressible turbulence models thermal diffusivity based thermal transport. TurbulenceModels/compressible Abstract base class for turbulence models (RAS, LES and laminar). TurbulenceModels/incompressible/IncompressibleTurbulenceModel Templated abstract base class for single-phase incompressible turbulence models. TurbulenceModels/incompressible Abstract base class for turbulence models (RAS, LES and laminar). TurbulenceModels/incompressible/turbulentTransportModels/RAS/kkLOmega Low Reynolds-number k-kl-omega turbulence model for incompressible flows. This turbulence model is described in: \verbatim Walters, D. K., & Cokljat, D. (2008). A three-equation eddy-viscosity model for Reynolds-averaged Navier?Stokes simulations of transitional flow. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 130(12), 121401. \endverbatim however the paper contains several errors which must be corrected for the model to operation correctly as explained in \verbatim Furst, J. (2013). Numerical simulation of transitional flows with laminar kinetic energy. Engineering MECHANICS, 20(5), 379-388. \endverbatim All these corrections and updates are included in this implementation. The default model coefficients are \verbatim kkLOmegaCoeffs { A0 4.04 As 2.12 Av 6.75 Abp 0.6 Anat 200 Ats 200 CbpCrit 1.2 Cnc 0.1 CnatCrit 1250 Cint 0.75 CtsCrit 1000 CrNat 0.02 C11 3.4e-6 C12 1.0e-10 CR 0.12 CalphaTheta 0.035 Css 1.5 CtauL 4360 Cw1 0.44 Cw2 0.92 Cw3 0.3 CwR 1.5 Clambda 2.495 CmuStd 0.09 Prtheta 0.85 Sigmak 1 Sigmaw 1.17 } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/incompressible/turbulentTransportModels/RAS/LamBremhorstKE Lam and Bremhorst low-Reynolds number k-epsilon turbulence model for incompressible flows This turbulence model is described in: \verbatim Lam, C. K. G., & Bremhorst, K. (1981). A modified form of the k-ε model for predicting wall turbulence. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 103(3), 456-460. \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/incompressible/turbulentTransportModels/RAS/LienCubicKE Lien cubic non-linear low-Reynolds k-epsilon turbulence models for incompressible flows. This turbulence model is described in: \verbatim Lien, F.S., Chen, W.L. & Leschziner, M.A. (1996). Low-Reynolds-number eddy-viscosity modeling based on non-linear stress-strain/vorticity relations. Engineering Turbulence Modelling and Experiments 3, 91-100. \endverbatim Implemented according to the specification in: Apsley: Turbulence Models 2002 In addition to the low-Reynolds number damping functions support for wall-functions is also included to allow for low- and high-Reynolds number operation. See also Foam::incompressible::RASModels::ShihQuadraticKE TurbulenceModels/incompressible/turbulentTransportModels/RAS/LienLeschziner Lien and Leschziner low-Reynolds number k-epsilon turbulence model for incompressible flows. This turbulence model is described in: \verbatim Lien, F. S., & Leschziner, M. A. (1993). A pressure-velocity solution strategy for compressible flow and its application to shock/boundary-layer interaction using second-moment turbulence closure. Journal of fluids engineering, 115(4), 717-725. \endverbatim Implemented according to the specification in: Apsley: Turbulence Models 2002 In addition to the low-Reynolds number damping functions support for wall-functions is also included to allow for low- and high-Reynolds number operation. TurbulenceModels/incompressible/turbulentTransportModels/RAS/qZeta Gibson and Dafa'Alla's q-zeta two-equation low-Re turbulence model for incompressible flows This turbulence model is described in: \verbatim Dafa'Alla, A.A., Juntasaro, E. & Gibson, M.M. (1996). Calculation of oscillating boundary layers with the q-zeta turbulence model. Engineering Turbulence Modelling and Experiments 3: Proceedings of the Third International Symposium, Crete, Greece, May 27-29, 141. \endverbatim which is a development of the original q-zeta model described in: \verbatim Gibson, M. M., & Dafa'Alla, A. A. (1995). Two-equation model for turbulent wall flow. AIAA journal, 33(8), 1514-1518. \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/incompressible/turbulentTransportModels/RAS/ShihQuadraticKE Shih's quadratic algebraic Reynolds stress k-epsilon turbulence model for incompressible flows This turbulence model is described in: \verbatim Shih, T. H., Zhu, J., & Lumley, J. L. (1993). A realizable Reynolds stress algebraic equation model. NASA technical memorandum 105993. \endverbatim Implemented according to the specification in: Apsley: Turbulence Models 2002 TurbulenceModels/phaseCompressible/LES/continuousGasKEqn One-equation SGS model for the gas-phase in a two-phase system supporting phase-inversion. In the limit that the gas-phase fraction approaches zero a contribution from the other phase is blended into the k-equation up to the phase-fraction of alphaInversion at which point phase-inversion is considered to have occurred and the model reverts to the pure single-phase form. This model is unpublished and is provided as a stable numerical framework on which a more physical model may be built. The default model coefficients are \verbatim continuousKEqnCoeffs { Ck 0.094; Ce 1.048; alphaInversion 0.7; } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/phaseCompressible/LES/Niceno One-equation SGS model for the continuous phase in a two-phase system including bubble-generated turbulence. Reference: \verbatim Niceno, B., Dhotre, M. T., & Deen, N. G. (2008). One-equation sub-grid scale (SGS) modelling for Euler?Euler large eddy simulation (EELES) of dispersed bubbly flow. Chemical Engineering Science, 63(15), 3923-3931. \endverbatim The default model coefficients are: \verbatim NicenoKEqnCoeffs { Ck 0.094; Ce 1.048; alphaInversion 0.3; Cp Ck; Cmub 0.6; } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/phaseCompressible/LES/SmagorinskyZhang The Smagorinsky SGS model including bubble-generated turbulence Reference: \verbatim Zhang, D., Deen, N. G., & Kuipers, J. A. M. (2006). Numerical simulation of the dynamic flow behavior in a bubble column: a study of closures for turbulence and interface forces. Chemical Engineering Science, 61(23), 7593-7608. \endverbatim The default model coefficients are \verbatim SmagorinskyZhangCoeffs { Ck 0.094; Ce 1.048; Cmub 0.6; } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/phaseCompressible/PhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModel Templated abstract base class for multiphase compressible turbulence models. TurbulenceModels/phaseCompressible/RAS/continuousGasKEpsilon k-epsilon model for the gas-phase in a two-phase system supporting phase-inversion. In the limit that the gas-phase fraction approaches zero a contribution from the other phase is blended into the k and epsilon equations up to the phase-fraction of alphaInversion at which point phase-inversion is considered to have occurred and the model reverts to the pure single-phase form. This model is unpublished and is provided as a stable numerical framework on which a more physical model may be built. The default model coefficients are \verbatim continuousGasKEpsilonCoeffs { Cmu 0.09; C1 1.44; C2 1.92; C3 -0.33; sigmak 1.0; sigmaEps 1.3; alphaInversion 0.7; } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/phaseCompressible/RAS/kOmegaSSTSato Implementation of the k-omega-SST turbulence model for dispersed bubbly flows with Sato (1981) bubble induced turbulent viscosity model. Bubble induced turbulent viscosity model described in: \verbatim Sato, Y., Sadatomi, M. "Momentum and heat transfer in two-phase bubble flow - I, Theory" International Journal of Multiphase FLow 7, pp. 167-177, 1981. \endverbatim Turbulence model described in: \verbatim Menter, F., Esch, T. "Elements of Industrial Heat Transfer Prediction" 16th Brazilian Congress of Mechanical Engineering (COBEM), Nov. 2001 \endverbatim with the addition of the optional F3 term for rough walls from \verbatim Hellsten, A. "Some Improvements in Menter’s k-omega-SST turbulence model" 29th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference, AIAA-98-2554, June 1998. \endverbatim Note that this implementation is written in terms of alpha diffusion coefficients rather than the more traditional sigma (alpha = 1/sigma) so that the blending can be applied to all coefficuients in a consistent manner. The paper suggests that sigma is blended but this would not be consistent with the blending of the k-epsilon and k-omega models. Also note that the error in the last term of equation (2) relating to sigma has been corrected. Wall-functions are applied in this implementation by using equations (14) to specify the near-wall omega as appropriate. The blending functions (15) and (16) are not currently used because of the uncertainty in their origin, range of applicability and that is y+ becomes sufficiently small blending u_tau in this manner clearly becomes nonsense. The default model coefficients correspond to the following: \verbatim kOmegaSSTCoeffs { alphaK1 0.85034; alphaK2 1.0; alphaOmega1 0.5; alphaOmega2 0.85616; Prt 1.0; // only for compressible beta1 0.075; beta2 0.0828; betaStar 0.09; gamma1 0.5532; gamma2 0.4403; a1 0.31; b1 1.0; c1 10.0; F3 no; Cmub 0.6; } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/phaseCompressible/RAS/LaheyKEpsilon Continuous-phase k-epsilon model including bubble-generated turbulence. Reference: \verbatim Lahey Jr, R. T. (2005). The simulation of multidimensional multiphase flows. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 235(10), 1043-1060. \endverbatim The default model coefficients are \verbatim LaheyKEpsilonCoeffs { Cmu 0.09; C1 1.44; C2 1.92; C3 -0.33; sigmak 1.0; sigmaEps 1.3; Cp 0.25; Cmub 0.6; alphaInversion 0.3; } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/phaseCompressible/RAS/mixtureKEpsilon Mixture k-epsilon turbulence model for two-phase gas-liquid systems The basic structure of the model is based on: \verbatim Behzadi, A., Issa, R. I., & Rusche, H. (2004). Modelling of dispersed bubble and droplet flow at high phase fractions. Chemical Engineering Science, 59(4), 759-770. \endverbatim but an effective density for the gas is used in the averaging and an alternative model for bubble-generated turbulence from: \verbatim Lahey Jr, R. T. (2005). The simulation of multidimensional multiphase flows. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 235(10), 1043-1060. \endverbatim The default model coefficients are \verbatim mixtureKEpsilonCoeffs { Cmu 0.09; C1 1.44; C2 1.92; C3 C2; sigmak 1.0; sigmaEps 1.3; } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/phaseIncompressible/PhaseIncompressibleTurbulenceModel Templated abstract base class for multiphase incompressible turbulence models. TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/Base/kOmegaSST Implementation of the k-omega-SST turbulence model for incompressible and compressible flows. Turbulence model described in: \verbatim Menter, F. R. & Esch, T. (2001). Elements of Industrial Heat Transfer Prediction. 16th Brazilian Congress of Mechanical Engineering (COBEM). \endverbatim with updated coefficients from \verbatim Menter, F. R., Kuntz, M., and Langtry, R. (2003). Ten Years of Industrial Experience with the SST Turbulence Model. Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer 4, ed: K. Hanjalic, Y. Nagano, & M. Tummers, Begell House, Inc., 625 - 632. \endverbatim but with the consistent production terms from the 2001 paper as form in the 2003 paper is a typo, see \verbatim http://turbmodels.larc.nasa.gov/sst.html \endverbatim and the addition of the optional F3 term for rough walls from \verbatim Hellsten, A. (1998). "Some Improvements in Menter’s k-omega-SST turbulence model" 29th AIAA Fluid Dynamics Conference, AIAA-98-2554. \endverbatim Note that this implementation is written in terms of alpha diffusion coefficients rather than the more traditional sigma (alpha = 1/sigma) so that the blending can be applied to all coefficuients in a consistent manner. The paper suggests that sigma is blended but this would not be consistent with the blending of the k-epsilon and k-omega models. Also note that the error in the last term of equation (2) relating to sigma has been corrected. Wall-functions are applied in this implementation by using equations (14) to specify the near-wall omega as appropriate. The blending functions (15) and (16) are not currently used because of the uncertainty in their origin, range of applicability and that if y+ becomes sufficiently small blending u_tau in this manner clearly becomes nonsense. The default model coefficients are \verbatim kOmegaSSTCoeffs { alphaK1 0.85; alphaK2 1.0; alphaOmega1 0.5; alphaOmega2 0.856; beta1 0.075; beta2 0.0828; betaStar 0.09; gamma1 5/9; gamma2 0.44; a1 0.31; b1 1.0; c1 10.0; F3 no; } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/eddyViscosity Eddy viscosity turbulence model base class TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/laminar Turbulence model for laminar flow. TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/DeardorffDiffStress Differential SGS Stress Equation Model for incompressible and compressible flows Reference: \verbatim Deardorff, J. W. (1973). The use of subgrid transport equations in a three-dimensional model of atmospheric turbulence. Journal of Fluids Engineering, 95(3), 429-438. \endverbatim This SGS model uses a full balance equation for the SGS stress tensor to simulate the behaviour of B. This implementation is as described in the above paper except that the triple correlation model of Donaldson is replaced with the generalized gradient diffusion model of Daly and Harlow: \verbatim Daly, B. J., & Harlow, F. H. (1970). Transport equations in turbulence. Physics of Fluids (1958-1988), 13(11), 2634-2649. \endverbatim with the default value for the coefficient Cs of 0.25 from \verbatim Launder, B. E., Reece, G. J., & Rodi, W. (1975). Progress in the development of a Reynolds-stress turbulence closure. Journal of fluid mechanics, 68(03), 537-566. \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/dynamicKEqn Dynamic one equation eddy-viscosity model Eddy viscosity SGS model using a modeled balance equation to simulate the behaviour of k in which a dynamic procedure is applied to evaluate the coefficients. Reference: \verbatim Kim, W and Menon, S. (1995). A new dynamic one-equation subgrid-scale model for large eddy simulation. In 33rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, 1995. \endverbatim There are no default model coefficients but the filter used for KK must be supplied, e.g. \verbatim dynamicKEqnCoeffs { filter simple; } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/dynamicLagrangian Dynamic SGS model with Lagrangian averaging Reference: \verbatim Meneveau, C., Lund, T. S., & Cabot, W. H. (1996). A Lagrangian dynamic subgrid-scale model of turbulence. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 319, 353-385. \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/kEqn One equation eddy-viscosity model Eddy viscosity SGS model using a modeled balance equation to simulate the behaviour of k. Reference: \verbatim Yoshizawa, A. (1986). Statistical theory for compressible turbulent shear flows, with the application to subgrid modeling. Physics of Fluids (1958-1988), 29(7), 2152-2164. \endverbatim The default model coefficients are \verbatim kEqnCoeffs { Ck 0.094; Ce 1.048; } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/kOmegaSSTDES Implementation of the k-omega-SST-DES turbulence model for incompressible and compressible flows. DES model described in: \verbatim Menter, F. R., Kuntz, M., and Langtry, R. (2003). Ten Years of Industrial Experience with the SST Turbulence Model. Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer 4, ed: K. Hanjalic, Y. Nagano, & M. Tummers, Begell House, Inc., 625 - 632. \endverbatim Optional support for zonal filtering based on F1 or F2 is provided as described in the paper. For further details of the implementation of the base k-omega-SST model see Foam::kOmegaSST. Group grpLESTurbulence See also Foam::kOmegaSST TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/LESdeltas/cubeRootVolDelta Simple cube-root of cell volume delta used in LES models. TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/LESdeltas/IDDESDelta IDDESDelta used by the IDDES (improved low Re Spalart-Allmaras DES model) The min and max delta are calculated using the double distance of the min or max from the face centre to the cell centre. TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/LESdeltas/LESdelta Abstract base class for LES deltas TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/LESdeltas/maxDeltaxyz Delta calculated by taking the maximum distance between the cell centre and any face centre. For a regular hex cell, the computed delta will equate to half of the cell width; accordingly, the deltaCoeff model coefficient should be set to 2 for this case. TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/LESdeltas/PrandtlDelta Apply Prandtl mixing-length based damping function to the specified geometric delta to improve near-wall behavior or LES models. \verbatim delta = min(geometricDelta, (kappa/Cdelta)y) \endverbatim Example specification in the turbulenceProperties dictionary: \verbatim delta Prandtl; PrandtlCoeffs { delta cubeRootVol; cubeRootVolCoeffs { deltaCoeff 1; } // Default coefficients kappa 0.41; Cdelta 0.158; } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/LESdeltas/smoothDelta Smoothed delta which takes a given simple geometric delta and applies smoothing to it such that the ratio of deltas between two cells is no larger than a specified amount, typically 1.15. TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/LESdeltas/vanDriestDelta Simple cube-root of cell volume delta used in incompressible LES models. TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/LESeddyViscosity Eddy viscosity LES SGS model base class TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/LESfilters/anisotropicFilter anisotropic filter \verbatim Kernel as filter as Test filter with ratio 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Box filter: g = delta2/24 -> g = delta2/6 Spherical box filter: g = delta2/64 -> g = delta2/16 Gaussian filter: g = delta2/24 -> g = delta2/6 \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/LESfilters/laplaceFilter Laplace filter for LES \verbatim Kernel as filter as Test filter with ratio 2 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Box filter: g = delta2/24 -> g = delta2/6 Spherical box filter: g = delta2/64 -> g = delta2/16 Gaussian filter: g = delta2/24 -> g = delta2/6 \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/LESfilters/LESfilter Abstract class for LES filters TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/LESfilters/simpleFilter Simple top-hat filter used in dynamic LES models. Implemented as a surface integral of the face interpolate of the field. TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/LESModel Namespace for LES SGS models. Class Foam::LESModel Description Templated abstract base class for LES SGS models TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/Smagorinsky The Smagorinsky SGS model. Reference: \verbatim Smagorinsky, J. (1963). General circulation experiments with the primitive equations: I. The basic experiment. Monthly weather review, 91(3), 99-164. \endverbatim The form of the Smagorinsky model implemented is obtained from the k-equation model assuming local equilibrium which provides estimates of both k and epsilon separate from the sub-grid scale viscosity: \verbatim B = 2/3kI - 2nuSgsdev(D) where D = symm(grad(U)); k from D:B + Cek^3/2/delta = 0 nuSgs = Cksqrt(k)delta \endverbatim The default model coefficients are \verbatim SmagorinskyCoeffs { Ck 0.094; Ce 1.048; } \endverbatim See also Foam::LESModels::kEqn TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/SpalartAllmarasDDES SpalartAllmaras DDES turbulence model for incompressible and compressible flows Reference: \verbatim Spalart, P. R., Deck, S., Shur, M. L., Squires, K. D., Strelets, M. K., & Travin, A. (2006). A new version of detached-eddy simulation, resistant to ambiguous grid densities. Theoretical and computational fluid dynamics, 20(3), 181-195. \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/SpalartAllmarasDES SpalartAllmarasDES DES turbulence model for incompressible and compressible flows Reference: \verbatim Spalart, P. R., Jou, W. H., Strelets, M., & Allmaras, S. R. (1997). Comments on the feasibility of LES for wings, and on a hybrid RANS/LES approach. Advances in DNS/LES, 1, 4-8. \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/SpalartAllmarasIDDES SpalartAllmaras IDDES turbulence model for incompressible and compressible flows Reference: \verbatim Shur, M. L., Spalart, P. R., Strelets, M. K., & Travin, A. K. (2008). A hybrid RANS-LES approach with delayed-DES and wall-modelled LES capabilities. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 29(6), 1638-1649. \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/LES/WALE The Wall-adapting local eddy-viscosity (WALE) SGS model. Reference: \verbatim Nicoud, F., & Ducros, F. (1999). Subgrid-scale stress modelling based on the square of the velocity gradient tensor. Flow, Turbulence and Combustion, 62(3), 183-200. \endverbatim The default model coefficients are \verbatim WALECoeffs { Ck 0.094; Ce 1.048;e Cw 0.325; } \endverbatim See also Foam::LESModels::Smagorinsky TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/linearViscousStress Linear viscous stress turbulence model base class TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/nonlinearEddyViscosity Eddy viscosity turbulence model with non-linear correction base class TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/RAS/kEpsilon Standard k-epsilon turbulence model for incompressible and compressible flows including rapid distortion theory (RDT) based compression term. Reference: \verbatim Standard model: Launder, B. E., & Spalding, D. B. (1972). Lectures in mathematical models of turbulence. Launder, B. E., & Spalding, D. B. (1974). The numerical computation of turbulent flows. Computer methods in applied mechanics and engineering, 3(2), 269-289. For the RDT-based compression term: El Tahry, S. H. (1983). k-epsilon equation for compressible reciprocating engine flows. Journal of Energy, 7(4), 345-353. \endverbatim The default model coefficients are \verbatim kEpsilonCoeffs { Cmu 0.09; C1 1.44; C2 1.92; C3 -0.33; sigmak 1.0; sigmaEps 1.3; } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/RAS/kOmega Standard high Reynolds-number k-omega turbulence model for incompressible and compressible flows. References: \verbatim Wilcox, D. C. (1998). Turbulence modeling for CFD (Vol. 2, pp. 103-217). La Canada, CA: DCW industries. \endverbatim The default model coefficients are \verbatim kOmegaCoeffs { Cmu 0.09; // Equivalent to betaStar alpha 0.52; beta 0.072; alphak 0.5; alphaOmega 0.5; } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/RAS/kOmegaSST TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/RAS/kOmegaSSTSAS Scale-adaptive URAS model based on the k-omega-SST RAS model. References: \verbatim Egorov, Y., & Menter F.R. (2008). Development and Application of SST-SAS Model in the DESIDER Project. Advances in Hybrid RANS-LES Modelling, Notes on Num. Fluid Mech. And Multidisciplinary Design, Volume 97, 261-270. \endverbatim The model coefficients are \verbatim kOmegaSSTSASCoeffs { // Default SST coefficients alphaK1 0.85; alphaK2 1.0; alphaOmega1 0.5; alphaOmega2 0.856; beta1 0.075; beta2 0.0828; betaStar 0.09; gamma1 5/9; gamma2 0.44; a1 0.31; b1 1.0; c1 10.0; F3 no; // Default SAS coefficients Cs 0.11; kappa 0.41; zeta2 3.51; sigmaPhi 2.0/3.0; C 2; // Delta must be specified for SAS e.g. delta cubeRootVol; cubeRootVolCoeffs {} } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/RAS/LaunderSharmaKE Launder and Sharma low-Reynolds k-epsilon turbulence model for incompressible and compressible and combusting flows including rapid distortion theory (RDT) based compression term. References: \verbatim Launder, B. E., & Sharma, B. I. (1974). Application of the energy-dissipation model of turbulence to the calculation of flow near a spinning disc. Letters in heat and mass transfer, 1(2), 131-137. For the RDT-based compression term: El Tahry, S. H. (1983). k-epsilon equation for compressible reciprocating engine flows. Journal of Energy, 7(4), 345-353. \endverbatim The default model coefficients are \verbatim LaunderSharmaKECoeffs { Cmu 0.09; C1 1.44; C2 1.92; C3 -0.33; alphah 1.0; // only for compressible alphahk 1.0; // only for compressible alphaEps 0.76923; } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/RAS/LRR Launder, Reece and Rodi Reynolds-stress turbulence model for incompressible and compressible flows. Reference: \verbatim Launder, B. E., Reece, G. J., & Rodi, W. (1975). Progress in the development of a Reynolds-stress turbulence closure. Journal of fluid mechanics, 68(03), 537-566. \endverbatim Including the recommended generalized gradient diffusion model of Daly and Harlow: \verbatim Daly, B. J., & Harlow, F. H. (1970). Transport equations in turbulence. Physics of Fluids (1958-1988), 13(11), 2634-2649. \endverbatim Optional Gibson-Launder wall-reflection is also provided: \verbatim Gibson, M. M., & Launder, B. E. (1978). Ground effects on pressure fluctuations in the atmospheric boundary layer. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 86(03), 491-511. \endverbatim The default model coefficients are: \verbatim LRRCoeffs { Cmu 0.09; C1 1.8; C2 0.6; Ceps1 1.44; Ceps2 1.92; Cs 0.25; Ceps 0.15; wallReflection yes; kappa 0.41 Cref1 0.5; Cref2 0.3; couplingFactor 0.0; } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/RAS/RASModel Templated abstract base class for RAS turbulence models TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/RAS/realizableKE Realizable k-epsilon turbulence model for incompressible and compressible flows. References: \verbatim Shih, T. H., Liou, W. W., Shabbir, A., Yang, Z., & Zhu, J. (1994). A new k-epsilon eddy viscosity model for high Reynolds number turbulent flows: Model development and validation. NASA STI/Recon Technical Report N, 95, 11442. Shih, T. H., Liou, W. W., Shabbir, A., Yang, Z., & Zhu, J. (1995). A New k-epsilon Eddy Viscosity Model for High Reynolds Number Turbulent Flows. Computers and Fluids, 24(3), 227-238. \endverbatim The default model coefficients are \verbatim realizableKECoeffs { Cmu 0.09; A0 4.0; C2 1.9; sigmak 1.0; sigmaEps 1.2; } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/RAS/RNGkEpsilon Renormalization group k-epsilon turbulence model for incompressible and compressible flows. Reference: \verbatim Yakhot, V., Orszag, S. A., Thangam, S., Gatski, T. B., & Speziale, C. G. (1992). Development of turbulence models for shear flows by a double expansion technique. Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics (1989-1993), 4(7), 1510-1520. For the RDT-based compression term: El Tahry, S. H. (1983). k-epsilon equation for compressible reciprocating engine flows. Journal of Energy, 7(4), 345-353. \endverbatim The default model coefficients are \verbatim RNGkEpsilonCoeffs { Cmu 0.0845; C1 1.42; C2 1.68; C3 -0.33; sigmak 0.71942; sigmaEps 0.71942; eta0 4.38; beta 0.012; } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/RAS/SpalartAllmaras Spalart-Allmaras one-eqn mixing-length model for incompressible and compressible external flows. Reference: \verbatim Spalart, P.R., & Allmaras, S.R. (1994). A one-equation turbulence model for aerodynamic flows. La Recherche Aerospatiale, 1, 5-21. \endverbatim The model is implemented without the trip-term and hence the ft2 term is not needed. It is necessary to limit the Stilda generation term as the model generates unphysical results if this term becomes negative which occurs for complex flow. Several approaches have been proposed to limit Stilda but it is not clear which is the most appropriate. Here the limiter proposed by Spalart is implemented in which Stilda is clipped at CsOmega with the default value of Cs = 0.3. The default model coefficients are \verbatim SpalartAllmarasCoeffs { Cb1 0.1355; Cb2 0.622; Cw2 0.3; Cw3 2.0; Cv1 7.1; Cs 0.3; sigmaNut 0.66666; kappa 0.41; } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/RAS/SSG Speziale, Sarkar and Gatski Reynolds-stress turbulence model for incompressible and compressible flows. Reference: \verbatim Speziale, C. G., Sarkar, S., & Gatski, T. B. (1991). Modelling the pressure?strain correlation of turbulence: an invariant dynamical systems approach. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 227, 245-272. \endverbatim Including the generalized gradient diffusion model of Daly and Harlow: \verbatim Daly, B. J., & Harlow, F. H. (1970). Transport equations in turbulence. Physics of Fluids (1958-1988), 13(11), 2634-2649. \endverbatim The default model coefficients are: \verbatim SSGCoeffs { Cmu 0.09; C1 3.4; C1s 1.8; C2 4.2; C3 0.8; C3s 1.3; C4 1.25; C5 0.4; Ceps1 1.44; Ceps2 1.92; Cs 0.25; Ceps 0.15; couplingFactor 0.0; } \endverbatim TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/RAS/v2f Lien and Kalitzin's v2-f turbulence model for incompressible and compressible flows, with a limit imposed on the turbulent viscosity given by Davidson et al. The model solves for turbulence kinetic energy k and turbulence dissipation rate epsilon, with additional equations for the turbulence stress normal to streamlines, v2, and elliptic damping function, f. The variant implemented employs N=6, such that f=0 on walls. Wall boundary conditions are: k = kLowReWallFunction epsilon = epsilonLowReWallFunction v2 = v2WallFunction f = fWallFunction These are applicable to both low- and high-Reynolds number flows. Inlet values can be approximated by: v2 = 2/3 k f = zero-gradient References: \verbatim Lien, F. S., & Kalitzin, G. (2001). Computations of transonic flow with the v2f turbulence model. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, 22(1), 53-61. Davidson, L., Nielsen, P., & Sveningsson, A. (2003). Modifications of the v2-f model for computing the flow in a 3D wall jet. Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer, 4, 577-584 \endverbatim The default model coefficients are \verbatim v2fCoeffs { Cmu 0.22; CmuKEps 0.09; C1 1.4; C2 0.3; CL 0.23; Ceta 70; Ceps2 1.9; Ceps3 -0.33; sigmaEps 1.3; sigmaK 1; } \endverbatim Note If the kLowReWallFunction is employed, a velocity variant of the turbulent viscosity wall function should be used, e.g. nutUWallFunction. Turbulence k variants (nutk...) for this case will not behave correctly. See also Foam::RASModels::v2fBase Foam::RASModels::kEpsilon Foam::kLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField Foam::epsilonLowReWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField Foam::v2WallFunctionFvPatchScalarField Foam::fWallFunctionFvPatchScalarField TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/ReynoldsStress Reynolds-stress turbulence model base class TurbulenceModels/turbulenceModels/TurbulenceModel Templated abstract base class for turbulence models combustion/PDRFoam/PDRModels/dragModels/basic Basic sub-grid obstacle drag model. Details supplied by J Puttock 2/7/06. Sub-grid drag term The resistance term (force per unit of volume) is given by: \f[ R = -\frac{1}{2} \rho \vert \dwea{\vec{U}} \vert \dwea{\vec{U}}.D \f] where: \f$ D \f$ is the tensor field "CR" in \f$ m^{-1} \f$ This is term is treated implicitly in UEqn.H Sub-grid turbulence generation The turbulence source term \f$ G_{R} \f$ occurring in the \f$ \kappa-\epsilon \f$ equations for the generation of turbulence due to interaction with unresolved obstacles : \f$ G_{R} = C_{s}\beta_{\nu} \mu_{eff} A_{w}^{2}(\dwea{\vec{U}}-\dwea{\vec{U}_{s}})^2 + \frac{1}{2} \rho \vert \dwea{\vec{U}} \vert \dwea{\vec{U}}.T.\dwea{\vec{U}} \f$ where: \f$ C_{s} \f$ = 1 \f$ \beta_{\nu} \f$ is the volume porosity (file "betav"). \f$ \mu_{eff} \f$ is the effective viscosity. \f$ A_{w}^{2}\f$ is the obstacle surface area per unit of volume (file "Aw"). \f$ \dwea{\vec{U}_{s}} \f$ is the slip velocity and is considered \f$ \frac{1}{2}. \dwea{\vec{U}} \f$. \f$ T \f$ is a tensor in the file CT. The term \f$ G_{R} \f$ is treated explicitly in the \f$ \kappa-\epsilon \f$ Eqs in the \link PDRkEpsilon.C \endlink file. combustion/PDRFoam/PDRModels/dragModels/PDRDragModel Base-class for sub-grid obstacle drag models. The available drag model is at \link basic.H \endlink. combustion/PDRFoam/PDRModels/turbulence/PDRkEpsilon Standard k-epsilon turbulence model with additional source terms corresponding to PDR basic drag model (\link basic.H \endlink) The default model coefficients correspond to the following: @verbatim PDRkEpsilonCoeffs { Cmu 0.09; C1 1.44; C2 1.92; C3 -0.33; // only for compressible C4 0.1; sigmak 1.0; // only for compressible sigmaEps 1.3; Prt 1.0; // only for compressible } @endverbatim The turbulence source term \f$ G_{R} \f$ appears in the \f$ \kappa-\epsilon \f$ equation for the generation of turbulence due to interaction with unresolved obstacles. In the \f$ \epsilon \f$ equation \f$ C_{1} G_{R} \f$ is added as a source term. In the \f$ \kappa \f$ equation \f$ G_{R} \f$ is added as a source term. combustion/PDRFoam/PDRModels/XiEqModels/basicXiSubXiEq Basic sub-grid obstacle flame-wrinking enhancement factor model. Details supplied by J Puttock 2/7/06. Sub-grid flame area generation \f$ n = N - \hat{\dwea{\vec{U}}}.n_{s}.\hat{\dwea{\vec{U}}} \f$ \f$ n_{r} = \sqrt{n} \f$ where: \f$ \hat{\dwea{\vec{U}}} = \dwea{\vec{U}} / \vert \dwea{\vec{U}} \vert \f$ \f$ b = \hat{\dwea{\vec{U}}}.B.\hat{\dwea{\vec{U}}} / n_{r} \f$ where: \f$ B \f$ is the file "B". \f$ N \f$ is the file "N". \f$ n_{s} \f$ is the file "ns". The flame area enhancement factor \f$ \Xi_{sub} \f$ is expected to approach: \f[ \Xi_{{sub}_{eq}} = 1 + max(2.2 \sqrt{b}, min(0.34 \frac{\vert \dwea{\vec{U}} \vert}{{\vec{U}}^{'}}, 1.6)) \times min(\frac{n}{4}, 1) \f] combustion/PDRFoam/PDRModels/XiGModels/basicXiSubG Basic sub-grid obstacle flame-wrinking generation rate coefficient model. Details supplied by J Puttock 2/7/06. \f$ G_{sub} \f$ denotes the generation coefficient and it is given by \f[ G_{sub} = k_{1} /frac{\vert \dwea{\vec{U}} \vert}{L_{obs}} \frac{/Xi_{{sub}_{eq}}-1}{/Xi_{sub}} \f] and the removal: \f[ - k_{1} /frac{\vert \dwea{\vec{U}} \vert}{L_{sub}} \frac{\Xi_{sub}-1}{\Xi_{sub}} \f] Finally, \f$ G_{sub} \f$ is added to generation rate \f$ G_{in} \f$ due to the turbulence. combustion/PDRFoam/XiModels/algebraic Simple algebraic model for Xi based on Gulders correlation with a linear correction function to give a plausible profile for Xi. See report TR/HGW/10 for details on the Weller two equations model. See \link XiModel.H \endlink for more details on flame wrinkling modelling. combustion/PDRFoam/XiModels/fixed Fixed value model for Xi. See \link XiModel.H \endlink for more details on flame wrinkling modelling. combustion/PDRFoam/XiModels/transport Simple transport model for Xi based on Gulders correlation with a linear correction function to give a plausible profile for Xi. See report TR/HGW/10 for details on the Weller two equations model. See \link XiModel.H \endlink for more details on flame wrinkling modelling. combustion/PDRFoam/XiModels/XiEqModels/Gulder Simple Gulder model for XiEq based on Gulders correlation with a linear correction function to give a plausible profile for XiEq. combustion/PDRFoam/XiModels/XiEqModels/instabilityXiEq This is the equilibrium level of the flame wrinkling generated by instability. It is a constant (default 2.5). It is used in @link XiModel.H @endlink. combustion/PDRFoam/XiModels/XiEqModels/SCOPEBlendXiEq Simple SCOPEBlendXiEq model for XiEq based on SCOPEXiEqs correlation with a linear correction function to give a plausible profile for XiEq. See @link SCOPELaminarFlameSpeed.H @endlink for details on the SCOPE laminar flame speed model. combustion/PDRFoam/XiModels/XiEqModels/SCOPEXiEq Simple SCOPEXiEq model for XiEq based on SCOPEXiEqs correlation with a linear correction function to give a plausible profile for XiEq. See \link SCOPELaminarFlameSpeed.H \endlink for details on the SCOPE laminar flame speed model. combustion/PDRFoam/XiModels/XiEqModels/XiEqModel Base-class for all XiEq models used by the b-XiEq combustion model. The available models are : \link basicXiSubXiEq.H \endlink \link Gulder.H \endlink \link instabilityXiEq.H \endlink \link SCOPEBlendXiEq.H \endlink \link SCOPEXiEq.H \endlink combustion/PDRFoam/XiModels/XiGModels/instabilityG Flame-surface instabilityG flame-wrinking generation rate coefficient model used in \link XiModel.H \endlink. See Technical Report SH/RE/01R for details on the PDR modelling. combustion/PDRFoam/XiModels/XiGModels/KTS Simple Kolmogorov time-scale (KTS) model for the flame-wrinling generation rate. combustion/PDRFoam/XiModels/XiGModels/XiGModel Base-class for all Xi generation models used by the b-Xi combustion model. See Technical Report SH/RE/01R for details on the PDR modelling. For details on the use of XiGModel see \link XiModel.H \endlink. The model available is \link instabilityG.H \endlink combustion/PDRFoam/XiModels/XiModel Base-class for all Xi models used by the b-Xi combustion model. See Technical Report SH/RE/01R for details on the PDR modelling. Xi is given through an algebraic expression (\link algebraic.H \endlink), by solving a transport equation (\link transport.H \endlink) or a fixed value (\link fixed.H \endlink). See report TR/HGW/10 for details on the Weller two equations model. In the algebraic and transport methods \f$\Xi_{eq}\f$ is calculated in similar way. In the algebraic approach, \f$\Xi_{eq}\f$ is the value used in the \f$ b \f$ transport equation. \f$\Xi_{eq}\f$ is calculated as follows: \f$\Xi_{eq} = 1 + (1 + 2\Xi_{coeff}(0.5 - \dwea{b}))(\Xi^* - 1)\f$ where: \f$ \dwea{b} \f$ is the regress variable. \f$ \Xi_{coeff} \f$ is a model constant. \f$ \Xi^* \f$ is the total equilibrium wrinkling combining the effects of the flame inestability and turbulence interaction and is given by \f[ \Xi^* = \frac {R}{R - G_\eta - G_{in}} \f] where: \f$ G_\eta \f$ is the generation rate of wrinkling due to turbulence interaction. \f$ G_{in} = \kappa \rho_{u}/\rho_{b} \f$ is the generation rate due to the flame inestability. By adding the removal rates of the two effects: \f[ R = G_\eta \frac{\Xi_{\eta_{eq}}}{\Xi_{\eta_{eq}} - 1} + G_{in} \frac{\Xi_{{in}_{eq}}}{\Xi_{{in}_{eq}} - 1} \f] where: \f$ R \f$ is the total removal. \f$ G_\eta \f$ is a model constant. \f$ \Xi_{\eta_{eq}} \f$ is the flame wrinkling due to turbulence. \f$ \Xi_{{in}_{eq}} \f$ is the equilibrium level of the flame wrinkling generated by inestability. It is a constant (default 2.5). multiphase/compressibleMultiphaseInterFoam/multiphaseMixtureThermo/phaseModel Single incompressible phase derived from the phase-fraction. Used as part of the multiPhaseMixture for interface-capturing multi-phase simulations. multiphase/driftFluxFoam/mixtureViscosityModels/BinghamPlastic Viscosity correction model for Bingham plastics. The strain-rate used is defined as sqrt(2.0)mag(symm(grad(U))) multiphase/driftFluxFoam/mixtureViscosityModels/mixtureViscosityModel A namespace for incompressible mixtureViscosityModel implementations. Class Foam::mixtureViscosityModel Description An abstract base class for incompressible mixtureViscosityModels. multiphase/driftFluxFoam/mixtureViscosityModels/plastic Viscosity correction model for a generic power-law plastic. multiphase/driftFluxFoam/mixtureViscosityModels/slurry Thomas' viscosity correction for slurry. References: \verbatim "Transport characteristics of suspension: VIII. A note on the viscosity of Newtonian suspensions of uniform spherical particles". D.G. Thomas, J. Colloid Sci. 20 (3), 1965, p267. \endverbatim multiphase/driftFluxFoam/relativeVelocityModels/general General relative velocity model multiphase/driftFluxFoam/relativeVelocityModels/relativeVelocityModel multiphase/driftFluxFoam/relativeVelocityModels/simple Simple relative velocity model multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/blended Blends two drag models based on the phase fractions to handle phase-inversion. multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/dragModel multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/Ergun H, Enwald, E. Peirano, A-E Almstedt 'Eulerian Two-Phase Flow Theory Applied to Fluidization' Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 22, Suppl, pp. 21-66 (1996) Eq. 104, p. 42 multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/Gibilaro H, Enwald, E. Peirano, A-E Almstedt 'Eulerian Two-Phase Flow Theory Applied to Fluidization' Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 22, Suppl, pp. 21-66 (1996) Eq. 106, p. 43 multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/GidaspowErgunWenYu D. Gidaspow, Multiphase flow and fluidization, Academic Press, New York, 1994. multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/GidaspowSchillerNaumann H, Enwald, E. Peirano, A-E Almstedt 'Eulerian Two-Phase Flow Theory Applied to Fluidization' Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 22, Suppl, pp. 21-66 (1996) Eq. 86-87, p. 40 This is identical to the Wen and Yu, Rowe model Table 3.6 p.56 in the Ph.D. thesis of Berend van Wachem 'Derivation, Implementation and Validation of Computer Simulation Models for Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds' multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/interface Drag between phase separated by a VoF resolved interface. multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/SchillerNaumann multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/SyamlalOBrien Syamlal, M., Rogers, W. and O'Brien, T. J. (1993) MFIX documentation, Theory Guide. Technical Note DOE/METC-94/1004. Morgantown, West Virginia, USA. multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/WenYu H, Enwald, E. Peirano, A-E Almstedt 'Eulerian Two-Phase Flow Theory Applied to Fluidization' Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 22, Suppl, pp. 21-66 (1996) Eq. 86-87, p. 40 This is identical to the Wen and Yu, Rowe model Table 3.6 p.56 in the Ph.D. thesis of Berend van Wachem 'Derivation, Implementation and Validation of Computer Simulation Models for Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds' NB: The difference between the Gidaspow-version is the void-fraction in the Re-number multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/heatTransferModels/heatTransferModel multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/heatTransferModels/RanzMarshall multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/multiphaseSystem/diameterModels/constantDiameter Constant dispersed-phase particle diameter model. multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/multiphaseSystem/diameterModels/diameterModel Abstract base-class for dispersed-phase particle diameter models. multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/multiphaseSystem/diameterModels/isothermalDiameter Isothermal dispersed-phase particle diameter model. multiphase/multiphaseEulerFoam/multiphaseSystem/phaseModel multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialCompositionModels/interfaceCompositionModels/Henry Henry's law for gas solubiliy in liquid. The concentration of the dissolved species in the liquid is proportional to its partial pressure in the gas. The dimensionless constant of proportionality between concentrations on each side of the interface is \f$k\f$, and is given for each species. Mixing in the gas is assumed to be ideal. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialCompositionModels/interfaceCompositionModels/interfaceCompositionModel Generic base class for interface composition models. These models describe the composition in phase 1 of the supplied pair at the interface with phase 2. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialCompositionModels/interfaceCompositionModels/InterfaceCompositionModel.T Base class for interface composition models, templated on the two thermodynamic models either side of the interface. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialCompositionModels/interfaceCompositionModels/NonRandomTwoLiquid Non ideal law for the mixing of two species. A separate composition model is given for each species. The composition of a species is equal to the value given by the model, scaled by the species fraction in the bulk of the other phase, and multiplied by the activity coefficient for that species. The gas behaviour is assumed ideal; i.e. the fugacity coefficient is taken as equal to 1. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialCompositionModels/interfaceCompositionModels/Raoult Raoult's law of ideal mixing. A separate composition model is given for each species. The composition of a species is equal to the value given by the model scaled by the species fraction in the bulk of the other phase. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialCompositionModels/interfaceCompositionModels/Saturated Model which uses a saturation pressure model for a single species to calculate the interface composition. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialCompositionModels/massTransferModels/Frossling Frossling correlation for turbulent mass transfer from the surface of a sphere to the surrounding fluid. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialCompositionModels/massTransferModels/massTransferModel multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialCompositionModels/massTransferModels/sphericalMassTransfer Model which applies an analytical solution for mass transfer from the surface of a sphere to the fluid within the sphere. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialCompositionModels/saturationModels/Antoine Antoine equation for the vapour pressure. \f[ \log p = A + \frac{B}{C + T} \f] Coefficients \f$A\f$, \f$B\f$ and \f$C\f$ are to be supplied and should be suitable for natural logarithms and temperatures in Kelvin. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialCompositionModels/saturationModels/AntoineExtended Extended Antoine equation for the vapour pressure. \f[ \log (p) = A + \frac{B}{C + T} + D \log (T) + E T^F \f] Coefficients \f$A\f$, \f$B\f$, \f$C\f$, \f$D\f$, \f$E\f$ and \f$F\f$ are to be supplied and should be suitable for natural logarithms and temperatures in Kelvin. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialCompositionModels/saturationModels/ArdenBuck ArdenBuck equation for the vapour pressure of moist air. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialCompositionModels/saturationModels/constantSaturationConditions Constant saturation pressure and temperature. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialCompositionModels/saturationModels/polynomial Polynomial equation for the saturation vapour temperature in terms of the vapour pressure (in Pa). \f[ T_sat = \sum_i C_i p^i \f] where \f$p\f$ is the pressure in Pa and \f$C\f$ are the coefficients. Currently this class only provides \f$T_sat\f$, the inverse function to return the vapour pressure for a given temperature are not implemented. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialCompositionModels/saturationModels/saturationModel multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialCompositionModels/surfaceTensionModels/constantSurfaceTensionCoefficient Constant value surface tension model. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialCompositionModels/surfaceTensionModels/surfaceTensionModel multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/aspectRatioModels/aspectRatioModel multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/aspectRatioModels/constantAspectRatio Constant value aspect ratio model. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/aspectRatioModels/TomiyamaAspectRatio Aspect ratio model of Tomiyama. Reference: \verbatim "Implementation and Comparison of Correlations for interfacial Forces in a Gas-Liquid System within an Euler-Euler Framework" Otromke, M., PhD Thesis, April 2013 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/aspectRatioModels/VakhrushevEfremov Aspect ratio model of Vakhrushev and Efremov. Reference: \verbatim "Interpolation formula for computing the velocities of single gas bubbles in liquids" Vakhrushev, I.A. and Efremov, G.I., Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils Volume 6, Issue 5, May 1970, pp. 376-379, \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/aspectRatioModels/Wellek Aspect ratio model of Wellek et al. References: \verbatim "Implementation and Comparison of Correlations for interfacial Forces in a Gas-Liquid System within an Euler-Euler Framework" Otromke, M., PhD Thesis, April 2013 \endverbatim \verbatim "Shape of liquid drops moving in liquid media" Wellek, R.M., Agrawal, A.K., Skelland, A.H.P., International Journal of Multiphase Flow Volume 12, Issue 5, September 1966, pp. 854-862 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/dragModel multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/Ergun H, Enwald, E. Peirano, A-E Almstedt 'Eulerian Two-Phase Flow Theory Applied to Fluidization' Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 22, Suppl, pp. 21-66 (1996) Eq. 104, p. 42 multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/Gibilaro H, Enwald, E. Peirano, A-E Almstedt 'Eulerian Two-Phase Flow Theory Applied to Fluidization' Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 22, Suppl, pp. 21-66 (1996) Eq. 106, p. 43 multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/GidaspowErgunWenYu Gidaspow, Ergun, Wen and Yu drag model Reference: \verbatim "Multiphase flow and fluidization", Gidaspow, D., Academic Press, New York, 1994. \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/GidaspowSchillerNaumann Gidaspow, Schiller and Naumann drag model References: \verbatim "Eulerian Two-Phase Flow Theory Applied to Fluidization" Enwald, H., Peirano, E., Almstedt, A-E., Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 22, Suppl, 1996, pp. 21-66 Eq. 86-87, p. 40 This is identical to the Wen and Yu, Rowe model Table 3.6 p.56 in "Derivation, Implementation and Validation of Computer Simulation Models for Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds", Berend van Wachem Ph.D. thesis. \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/IshiiZuber Ishii and Zuber (1979) drag model for dense dispersed bubbly flows. Reference: \verbatim "Drag Coefficient and relative velocity in bubbly, droplet and particulate flows", Ishii, M., Zuber, N., AIChE Journal 5, Vol. 25, 1979, pp. 843-855. \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/Lain Drag model of Lain et al. References: \verbatim "Implementation and Comparison of Correlations for interfacial Forces in a Gas-Liquid System within an Euler-Euler Framework" Otromke, M., PhD Thesis, April 2013 \endverbatim \verbatim "Modelling hydrodynamics and turbulence in a bubble column using the Euler-Lagrange procedure" Lain, S., Brodera, D., Sommerfelda, M., Goza, M.F., International Journal of Multiphase Flow Volume 28, Issue 8, August 2002, pp. 1381-1407 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/SchillerNaumann Schiller and Naumann drag model for dispersed bubbly flows. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/segregated Segregated drag model for use in regions with no obvious dispersed phase. Reference: \verbatim "Towards the Numerical Simulation of Multi-scale Two-phase Flows", Marschall, H., PhD Thesis, TU Munchen, 2011 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/SyamlalOBrien Syamlal, M., Rogers, W. and O'Brien, T. J. (1993) MFIX documentation, Theory Guide. Technical Note DOE/METC-94/1004. Morgantown, West Virginia, USA. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/TomiyamaAnalytic Analytical drag model of Tomiyama et al. Reference: \verbatim "Drag Coefficients of Bubbles. 1st Report. Drag Coefficients of a Single Bubble in a Stagnant Liquid." Tomiyama, A., Kataoka, I., and Sakaguchi, T., Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu Volume 61, Issue 587, 1995, pp. 2357-2364 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/TomiyamaCorrelated Correlation of Tomiyama et al. Reference: \verbatim "Terminal velocity of single bubbles in surface tension force dominant regime" Tomiyama, T., Celata, G.P., Hosokawa, S., Yoshida, S., International Journal of Multiphase Flow Volume 28, Issue 9, September 2002, pp. 1497-1519 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/TomiyamaKataokaZunSakaguchi Drag model for gas-liquid system of Tomiyama et al. Reference: \verbatim "Drag coefficients of single bubbles under normal and microgravity conditions" Tomiyama, A., Kataoka, I., Zun, I., Sakaguchi, T. JSME International Series B, Fluids and Thermal Engineering, Vol. 41, 1998, pp. 472-479 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/WenYu Wen and Yu drag model Reference: \verbatim "Eulerian Two-Phase Flow Theory Applied to Fluidization" Enwald, H., Peirano, E., Almstedt, A-E., Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 22, Suppl, 1996, pp. 21-66 Eq. 86-87, p. 40 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/heatTransferModels/heatTransferModel multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/heatTransferModels/RanzMarshall Ranz-Marshall correlation for turbulent heat transfer from the surface of a sphere to the surrounding fluid. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/heatTransferModels/sphericalHeatTransfer Model which applies an analytical solution for heat transfer from the surface of a sphere to the fluid within the sphere. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/liftModels/constantLiftCoefficient Constant coefficient lift model. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/liftModels/LegendreMagnaudet Lift model of Legendre and Magnaudet. References: \verbatim "Implementation and Comparison of Correlations for interfacial Forces in a Gas-Liquid System within an Euler-Euler Framework" Otromke, M. PhD Thesis April 2013 \endverbatim \verbatim "The lift force on a spherical bubble in a viscous linear shear flow" Legendre, D., Magnaudet, J., Journal of Fluid Mechanics Volume 368, August 1998, pp. 81-126 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/liftModels/liftModel multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/liftModels/Moraga Lift model of Moraga et al. References: \verbatim "Implementation and Comparison of Correlations for interfacial Forces in a Gas-Liquid System within an Euler-Euler Framework" Otromke, M., PhD Thesis, April 2013 \endverbatim \verbatim "Lateral forces on spheres in turbulent uniform shear flow" Moraga, F.J., Bonetto, F.J., Lahey, R.T., International Journal of Multiphase Flow Volume 25, Issues 6-7, September 1999, pp. 1321-1372 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/liftModels/noLift multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/liftModels/TomiyamaLift Lift model of Tomiyama et al. Reference: \verbatim "Transverse migration of single bubbles in simple shear flows" Tomiyama, A., Tamai, H., Zun, I., Hosokawa, S., Chemical Engineering Science Volume 57, Issue 11, June 2002, pp. 1849-1858 \endverbatim The coefficient for pow3(EoH) proposed by Tomiyama (2002) has been modified to make the model continuous at EoH = 10.7 while maintaining the lift coefficient proposed by Tomiyama (2002) when EoH >= 10.7. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/liftModels/wallDampedLift multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/swarmCorrections/noSwarm multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/swarmCorrections/swarmCorrection multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/swarmCorrections/TomiyamaSwarm Swarm correction of Tomiyama et al. Reference: \verbatim "Drag Coefficients of Bubbles. 2nd Report. Drag Coefficient for a Swarm of Bubbles and its Applicability to Transient Flow." Tomiyama, A., Kataoka, I., Fukuda, T., and Sakaguchi, T., Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu Volume 61, Issue 588, 1995, pp. 2810-2817 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/turbulentDispersionModels/Burns Turbulent dispersion model of Burns et al. References: \verbatim "Implementation and Comparison of Correlations for interfacial Forces in a Gas-Liquid System within an Euler-Euler Framework" Otromke, M., PhD Thesis April 2013 \endverbatim \verbatim "The Favre averaged drag model for turbulent dispersion in Eulerian multi-phase flows" Burns, A.D., Frank, T., Hamill, I., Shi, J.M., 5th international conference on multiphase flow Volume 4, Paper 392, May 2004 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/turbulentDispersionModels/constantTurbulentDispersionCoefficient Constant coefficient turbulent dispersion model. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/turbulentDispersionModels/Gosman Turbulent dispersion model of Gosman et al. Reference: \verbatim "Multidimensional modeling of turbulent two-phase flows in stirred vessels" Gosman, A.D., Lekakou, C., Politis, S., Issa, R.I., and Looney, M.K., AIChE Journal Volume 38, Issue 12, 1992, pp. 1946-1956 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/turbulentDispersionModels/LopezDeBertodano Lopez de Bertodano (1992) turbulent dispersion model. \verbatim "Turbulent bubbly two-phase flow in a triangular duct" Lopez de Bertodano, M. Ph.D. Thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institution, New York, USA, 1992. \endverbatim \verbatim "The Favre averaged drag model for turbulent dispersion in Eulerian multi-phase flows" Burns, A.D., Frank, T., Hamill, I., Shi, J.M., 5th international conference on multiphase flow Volume 4, Paper 392, May 2004 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/turbulentDispersionModels/noTurbulentDispersion multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/turbulentDispersionModels/turbulentDispersionModel multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/virtualMassModels/constantVirtualMassCoefficient Constant coefficient virtual mass model. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/virtualMassModels/Lamb Virtual mass model of Lamb. Reference: \verbatim "Hydrodynamics" Lamb, H., Cambridge University Press, 1895 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/virtualMassModels/noVirtualMass multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/virtualMassModels/virtualMassModel multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/wallDampingModels/cosine multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/wallDampingModels/interpolated multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/wallDampingModels/linear multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/wallDampingModels/noWallDamping multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/wallDampingModels/sine multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/wallDampingModels/wallDampingModel multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/wallDependentModel A class which provides on-demand creation and caching of wall distance and wall normal fields for use by multiple models. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/wallLubricationModels/Antal Wall lubrication model of Antal et al. Reference: \verbatim "Analysis of phase distribution in fully developed laminar bubbly two-phase flow" Antal, S.P., Lahey Jr, R.T., and Flaherty, J.E. International Journal of Multiphase Flow Volume 17, Issue 5, September 1991, pp. 635-652 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/wallLubricationModels/Frank Wall lubrication model of Frank. References: \verbatim "Implementation and Comparison of Correlations for interfacial Forces in a Gas-Liquid System within an Euler-Euler Framework" Otromke, M. PhD Thesis April 2013 \endverbatim \verbatim "Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) of 3-dimensional Gas- Liquid Multiphase Flows" Frank, T. NAFEMS Seminar: Simulation of Complex Flows (CFD), April 2005, pp. 1-18 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/wallLubricationModels/noWallLubrication multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/wallLubricationModels/TomiyamaWallLubrication Wall lubrication model of Tomiyama. References: \verbatim "Implementation and Comparison of Correlations for interfacial Forces in a Gas-Liquid System within an Euler-Euler Framework" Otromke, M. PhD Thesis, April 2013 \endverbatim \verbatim "Struggle with Computational Bubble Dynamics" Tomiyama, A., Multiphase Science and Technology Volume 10, Issue 4, 1998, pp. 369-405 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/interfacialModels/wallLubricationModels/wallLubricationModel multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/phaseSystems/BlendedInterfacialModel multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/phaseSystems/BlendedInterfacialModel/blendingMethods/blendingMethod multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/phaseSystems/BlendedInterfacialModel/blendingMethods/hyperbolic multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/phaseSystems/BlendedInterfacialModel/blendingMethods/linear multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/phaseSystems/BlendedInterfacialModel/blendingMethods/noBlending multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/phaseSystems/diameterModels/constantDiameter Constant dispersed-phase particle diameter model. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/phaseSystems/diameterModels/diameterModel A2stract base-class for dispersed-phase particle diameter models. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/phaseSystems/diameterModels/isothermalDiameter Isothermal dispersed-phase particle diameter model. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/phaseSystems/phaseModel/AnisothermalPhaseModel Class which represents a phase for which the temperature (strictly energy) varies. Returns the energy equation and corrects the thermodynamic model. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/phaseSystems/phaseModel/InertPhaseModel Class which represents an inert phase, with no reactions. Returns zero reaction rate and heat. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/phaseSystems/phaseModel/IsothermalPhaseModel Class which represents a phase for which the temperature (strictly energy) remains constant. Returns an empty energy equation and does nothing when correctThermo is called. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/phaseSystems/phaseModel/MovingPhaseModel Class which represents a moving fluid phase. Holds the velocity, fluxes and turbulence model. Provides access to the turbulent quantities. Possible future extensions include separating the turbulent fuctionality into another layer. It should also be possible to replace this layer with a stationary phase model, in order to model packed beds or simple porous media. This would probably require extra functionality, such as returning the inputs into the general pressure equation (A, HbyA, etc ...). Note that this class does not return the turbulence model, it just provides indirect access to the turbulent data. This is so a layer without turbulence modelling (such as a stationary model) could be substituted. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/phaseSystems/phaseModel/MultiComponentPhaseModel Class which represents a phase with multiple species. Returns the species' mass fractions, and their governing equations. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/phaseSystems/phaseModel/phaseModel multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/phaseSystems/phaseModel/PurePhaseModel Class which represents pure phases, i.e. without any species. Returns an empty list of mass fractions. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/phaseSystems/phaseModel/ReactingPhaseModel Class which represents phases with volumetric reactions. Returns the reaction rate and heat. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/phaseSystems/phaseModel/ThermoPhaseModel Class which represents a phase with a thermodynamic model. Provides access to the thermodynamic variables. Note that the thermo model itself is not returned as this class could be substituted in the hierarcy for one which mirrors the functionality, but does not include a thermo model; an incompressible phase model, for example. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/conductivityModel/conductivityModel multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/conductivityModel/Gidaspow multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/conductivityModel/HrenyaSinclair multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/conductivityModel/Syamlal multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/frictionalStressModel/frictionalStressModel multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/frictionalStressModel/JohnsonJackson multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/frictionalStressModel/JohnsonJacksonSchaeffer multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/frictionalStressModel/Schaeffer multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/granularPressureModel/granularPressureModel multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/granularPressureModel/Lun multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/granularPressureModel/SyamlalRogersOBrien multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/kineticTheoryModel Kinetic theory particle phase RAS model Reference: \verbatim "Derivation, implementation, and validation of computer simulation models for gas-solid fluidized beds", van Wachem, B.G.M., Ph.D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Amsterdam, 2000. \endverbatim There are no default model coefficients. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/radialModel/CarnahanStarling multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/radialModel/LunSavage multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/radialModel/radialModel multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/radialModel/SinclairJackson multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/viscosityModel/Gidaspow multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/viscosityModel/HrenyaSinclair multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/viscosityModel/none multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/viscosityModel/Syamlal multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/viscosityModel/viscosityModel multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/phasePressureModel Particle-particle phase-pressure RAS model The derivative of the phase-pressure with respect to the phase-fraction is evaluated as g0min(exp(preAlphaExp(alpha - alphaMax)), expMax) The default model coefficients correspond to the following: \verbatim phasePressureCoeffs { preAlphaExp 500; expMax 1000; alphaMax 0.62; g0 1000; } \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/diameterModels/IATE IATE (Interfacial Area Transport Equation) bubble diameter model. Solves for the interfacial curvature per unit volume of the phase rather than interfacial area per unit volume to avoid stability issues relating to the consistency requirements between the phase fraction and interfacial area per unit volume. In every other respect this model is as presented in the paper: \verbatim "Development of Interfacial Area Transport Equation" Ishii, M., Kim, S. and Kelly, J., Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Vol.37 No.6 December 2005 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/diameterModels/IATE/IATEsources/dummy multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/diameterModels/IATE/IATEsources/IATEsource IATE (Interfacial Area Transport Equation) bubble diameter model run-time selectable sources. multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/diameterModels/IATE/IATEsources/randomCoalescence Random coalescence IATE source as defined in paper: \verbatim "Development of Interfacial Area Transport Equation" Ishii, M., Kim, S. and Kelly, J., Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Vol.37 No.6 December 2005 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/diameterModels/IATE/IATEsources/turbulentBreakUp Turbulence-induced break-up IATE source as defined in paper: \verbatim "Development of Interfacial Area Transport Equation" Ishii, M., Kim, S. and Kelly, J., Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Vol.37 No.6 December 2005 \endverbatim multiphase/reactingEulerFoam/reactingTwoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/diameterModels/IATE/IATEsources/wakeEntrainmentCoalescence Bubble coalescence due to wake entrainment IATE source as defined in paper: \verbatim "Development of Interfacial Area Transport Equation" Ishii, M., Kim, S. and Kelly, J., Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Vol.37 No.6 December 2005 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/aspectRatioModels/aspectRatioModel multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/aspectRatioModels/constantAspectRatio Constant value aspect ratio model. multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/aspectRatioModels/TomiyamaAspectRatio Aspect ratio model of Tomiyama. Reference: \verbatim "Implementation and Comparison of Correlations for interfacial Forces in a Gas-Liquid System within an Euler-Euler Framework" Otromke, M., PhD Thesis, April 2013 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/aspectRatioModels/VakhrushevEfremov Aspect ratio model of Vakhrushev and Efremov. Reference: \verbatim "Interpolation formula for computing the velocities of single gas bubbles in liquids" Vakhrushev, I.A. and Efremov, G.I., Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils Volume 6, Issue 5, May 1970, pp. 376-379, \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/aspectRatioModels/Wellek Aspect ratio model of Wellek et al. References: \verbatim "Implementation and Comparison of Correlations for interfacial Forces in a Gas-Liquid System within an Euler-Euler Framework" Otromke, M., PhD Thesis, April 2013 \endverbatim \verbatim "Shape of liquid drops moving in liquid media" Wellek, R.M., Agrawal, A.K., Skelland, A.H.P., International Journal of Multiphase Flow Volume 12, Issue 5, September 1966, pp. 854-862 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/dragModel multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/Ergun H, Enwald, E. Peirano, A-E Almstedt 'Eulerian Two-Phase Flow Theory Applied to Fluidization' Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 22, Suppl, pp. 21-66 (1996) Eq. 104, p. 42 multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/Gibilaro H, Enwald, E. Peirano, A-E Almstedt 'Eulerian Two-Phase Flow Theory Applied to Fluidization' Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 22, Suppl, pp. 21-66 (1996) Eq. 106, p. 43 multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/GidaspowErgunWenYu Gidaspow, Ergun, Wen and Yu drag model Reference: \verbatim "Multiphase flow and fluidization", Gidaspow, D., Academic Press, New York, 1994. \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/GidaspowSchillerNaumann Gidaspow, Schiller and Naumann drag model References: \verbatim "Eulerian Two-Phase Flow Theory Applied to Fluidization" Enwald, H., Peirano, E., Almstedt, A-E., Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 22, Suppl, 1996, pp. 21-66 Eq. 86-87, p. 40 This is identical to the Wen and Yu, Rowe model Table 3.6 p.56 in "Derivation, Implementation and Validation of Computer Simulation Models for Gas-Solid Fluidized Beds", Berend van Wachem Ph.D. thesis. \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/IshiiZuber Ishii and Zuber (1979) drag model for dense dispersed bubbly flows. Reference: \verbatim "Drag Coefficient and relative velocity in bubbly, droplet and particulate flows", Ishii, M., Zuber, N., AIChE Journal 5, Vol. 25, 1979, pp. 843-855. \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/Lain Drag model of Lain et al. References: \verbatim "Implementation and Comparison of Correlations for interfacial Forces in a Gas-Liquid System within an Euler-Euler Framework" Otromke, M., PhD Thesis, April 2013 \endverbatim \verbatim "Modelling hydrodynamics and turbulence in a bubble column using the Euler-Lagrange procedure" Lain, S., Brodera, D., Sommerfelda, M., Goza, M.F., International Journal of Multiphase Flow Volume 28, Issue 8, August 2002, pp. 1381-1407 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/SchillerNaumann Schiller and Naumann drag model for dispersed bubbly flows. multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/segregated Segregated drag model for use in regions with no obvious dispersed phase. Reference: \verbatim "Towards the Numerical Simulation of Multi-scale Two-phase Flows", Marschall, H., PhD Thesis, TU Munchen, 2011 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/SyamlalOBrien Syamlal, M., Rogers, W. and O'Brien, T. J. (1993) MFIX documentation, Theory Guide. Technical Note DOE/METC-94/1004. Morgantown, West Virginia, USA. multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/TomiyamaAnalytic Analytical drag model of Tomiyama et al. Reference: \verbatim "Drag Coefficients of Bubbles. 1st Report. Drag Coefficients of a Single Bubble in a Stagnant Liquid." Tomiyama, A., Kataoka, I., and Sakaguchi, T., Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu Volume 61, Issue 587, 1995, pp. 2357-2364 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/TomiyamaCorrelated Correlation of Tomiyama et al. Reference: \verbatim "Terminal velocity of single bubbles in surface tension force dominant regime" Tomiyama, T., Celata, G.P., Hosokawa, S., Yoshida, S., International Journal of Multiphase Flow Volume 28, Issue 9, September 2002, pp. 1497-1519 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/dragModels/WenYu Wen and Yu drag model Reference: \verbatim "Eulerian Two-Phase Flow Theory Applied to Fluidization" Enwald, H., Peirano, E., Almstedt, A-E., Int. J. Multiphase Flow, Vol. 22, Suppl, 1996, pp. 21-66 Eq. 86-87, p. 40 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/heatTransferModels/heatTransferModel multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/heatTransferModels/RanzMarshall Ranz-Marshall correlation for turbulent heat transfer from the surface of a sphere to the surrounding fluid. multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/heatTransferModels/sphericalHeatTransfer Model which applies an analytical solution for heat transfer from the surface of a sphere to the fluid within the sphere. multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/liftModels/constantLiftCoefficient Constant coefficient lift model. multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/liftModels/LegendreMagnaudet Lift model of Legendre and Magnaudet. References: \verbatim "Implementation and Comparison of Correlations for interfacial Forces in a Gas-Liquid System within an Euler-Euler Framework" Otromke, M. PhD Thesis April 2013 \endverbatim \verbatim "The lift force on a spherical bubble in a viscous linear shear flow" Legendre, D., Magnaudet, J., Journal of Fluid Mechanics Volume 368, August 1998, pp. 81-126 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/liftModels/liftModel multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/liftModels/Moraga Lift model of Moraga et al. References: \verbatim "Implementation and Comparison of Correlations for interfacial Forces in a Gas-Liquid System within an Euler-Euler Framework" Otromke, M., PhD Thesis, April 2013 \endverbatim \verbatim "Lateral forces on spheres in turbulent uniform shear flow" Moraga, F.J., Bonetto, F.J., Lahey, R.T., International Journal of Multiphase Flow Volume 25, Issues 6-7, September 1999, pp. 1321-1372 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/liftModels/noLift multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/liftModels/TomiyamaLift Lift model of Tomiyama et al. Reference: \verbatim "Transverse migration of single bubbles in simple shear flows" Tomiyama, A., Tamai, H., Zun, I., Hosokawa, S., Chemical Engineering Science Volume 57, Issue 11, June 2002, pp. 1849-1858 \endverbatim The coefficient for pow3(EoH) proposed by Tomiyama (2002) has been modified to make the model continuous at EoH = 10.7 while maintaining the lift coefficient proposed by Tomiyama (2002) when EoH >= 10.7. multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/swarmCorrections/noSwarm multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/swarmCorrections/swarmCorrection multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/swarmCorrections/TomiyamaSwarm Swarm correction of Tomiyama et al. Reference: \verbatim "Drag Coefficients of Bubbles. 2nd Report. Drag Coefficient for a Swarm of Bubbles and its Applicability to Transient Flow." Tomiyama, A., Kataoka, I., Fukuda, T., and Sakaguchi, T., Nippon Kikai Gakkai Ronbunshu Volume 61, Issue 588, 1995, pp. 2810-2817 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/turbulentDispersionModels/Burns Turbulent dispersion model of Burns et al. References: \verbatim "Implementation and Comparison of Correlations for interfacial Forces in a Gas-Liquid System within an Euler-Euler Framework" Otromke, M., PhD Thesis April 2013 \endverbatim \verbatim "The Favre averaged drag model for turbulent dispersion in Eulerian multi-phase flows" Burns, A.D., Frank, T., Hamill, I., Shi, J.M., 5th international conference on multiphase flow Volume 4, Paper 392, May 2004 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/turbulentDispersionModels/constantTurbulentDispersionCoefficient Constant coefficient turbulent dispersion model. multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/turbulentDispersionModels/Gosman Turbulent dispersion model of Gosman et al. Reference: \verbatim "Multidimensional modeling of turbulent two-phase flows in stirred vessels" Gosman, A.D., Lekakou, C., Politis, S., Issa, R.I., and Looney, M.K., AIChE Journal Volume 38, Issue 12, 1992, pp. 1946-1956 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/turbulentDispersionModels/LopezDeBertodano Lopez de Bertodano (1992) turbulent dispersion model. \verbatim "Turbulent bubbly two-phase flow in a triangular duct" Lopez de Bertodano, M. Ph.D. Thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institution, New York, USA, 1992. \endverbatim \verbatim "The Favre averaged drag model for turbulent dispersion in Eulerian multi-phase flows" Burns, A.D., Frank, T., Hamill, I., Shi, J.M., 5th international conference on multiphase flow Volume 4, Paper 392, May 2004 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/turbulentDispersionModels/noTurbulentDispersion multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/turbulentDispersionModels/turbulentDispersionModel multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/virtualMassModels/constantVirtualMassCoefficient Constant coefficient virtual mass model. multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/virtualMassModels/Lamb Virtual mass model of Lamb. Reference: \verbatim "Hydrodynamics" Lamb, H., Cambridge University Press, 1895 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/virtualMassModels/noVirtualMass multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/virtualMassModels/virtualMassModel multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/wallDependentModel A class which provides on-demand creation and caching of wall distance and wall normal fields for use by multiple models. multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/wallLubricationModels/Antal Wall lubrication model of Antal et al. Reference: \verbatim "Analysis of phase distribution in fully developed laminar bubbly two-phase flow" Antal, S.P., Lahey Jr, R.T., and Flaherty, J.E. International Journal of Multiphase Flow Volume 17, Issue 5, September 1991, pp. 635-652 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/wallLubricationModels/Frank Wall lubrication model of Frank. References: \verbatim "Implementation and Comparison of Correlations for interfacial Forces in a Gas-Liquid System within an Euler-Euler Framework" Otromke, M. PhD Thesis April 2013 \endverbatim \verbatim "Advances in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) of 3-dimensional Gas- Liquid Multiphase Flows" Frank, T. NAFEMS Seminar: Simulation of Complex Flows (CFD), April 2005, pp. 1-18 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/wallLubricationModels/noWallLubrication multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/wallLubricationModels/TomiyamaWallLubrication Wall lubrication model of Tomiyama. References: \verbatim "Implementation and Comparison of Correlations for interfacial Forces in a Gas-Liquid System within an Euler-Euler Framework" Otromke, M. PhD Thesis, April 2013 \endverbatim \verbatim "Struggle with Computational Bubble Dynamics" Tomiyama, A., Multiphase Science and Technology Volume 10, Issue 4, 1998, pp. 369-405 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/interfacialModels/wallLubricationModels/wallLubricationModel multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/conductivityModel/conductivityModel multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/conductivityModel/Gidaspow multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/conductivityModel/HrenyaSinclair multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/conductivityModel/Syamlal multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/frictionalStressModel/frictionalStressModel multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/frictionalStressModel/JohnsonJackson multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/frictionalStressModel/Schaeffer multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/granularPressureModel/granularPressureModel multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/granularPressureModel/Lun multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/granularPressureModel/SyamlalRogersOBrien multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/kineticTheoryModel Kinetic theory particle phase RAS model Reference: \verbatim "Derivation, implementation, and validation of computer simulation models for gas-solid fluidized beds", van Wachem, B.G.M., Ph.D. Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Amsterdam, 2000. \endverbatim There are no default model coefficients. multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/radialModel/CarnahanStarling multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/radialModel/LunSavage multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/radialModel/radialModel multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/radialModel/SinclairJackson multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/viscosityModel/Gidaspow multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/viscosityModel/HrenyaSinclair multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/viscosityModel/none multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/viscosityModel/Syamlal multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/kineticTheoryModels/viscosityModel/viscosityModel multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/phaseCompressibleTurbulenceModels/phasePressureModel Particle-particle phase-pressure RAS model The derivative of the phase-pressure with respect to the phase-fraction is evaluated as g0min(exp(preAlphaExp*(alpha - alphaMax)), expMax) The default model coefficients correspond to the following: \verbatim phasePressureCoeffs { preAlphaExp 500; expMax 1000; alphaMax 0.62; g0 1000; } \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/BlendedInterfacialModel multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/BlendedInterfacialModel/blendingMethods/blendingMethod multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/BlendedInterfacialModel/blendingMethods/hyperbolic multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/BlendedInterfacialModel/blendingMethods/linear multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/BlendedInterfacialModel/blendingMethods/noBlending multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/diameterModels/constantDiameter Constant dispersed-phase particle diameter model. multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/diameterModels/diameterModel A2stract base-class for dispersed-phase particle diameter models. multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/diameterModels/IATE IATE (Interfacial Area Transport Equation) bubble diameter model. Solves for the interfacial curvature per unit volume of the phase rather than interfacial area per unit volume to avoid stability issues relating to the consistency requirements between the phase fraction and interfacial area per unit volume. In every other respect this model is as presented in the paper: \verbatim "Development of Interfacial Area Transport Equation" Ishii, M., Kim, S. and Kelly, J., Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Vol.37 No.6 December 2005 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/diameterModels/IATE/IATEsources/dummy multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/diameterModels/IATE/IATEsources/IATEsource IATE (Interfacial Area Transport Equation) bubble diameter model run-time selectable sources. multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/diameterModels/IATE/IATEsources/randomCoalescence Random coalescence IATE source as defined in paper: \verbatim "Development of Interfacial Area Transport Equation" Ishii, M., Kim, S. and Kelly, J., Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Vol.37 No.6 December 2005 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/diameterModels/IATE/IATEsources/turbulentBreakUp Turbulence-induced break-up IATE source as defined in paper: \verbatim "Development of Interfacial Area Transport Equation" Ishii, M., Kim, S. and Kelly, J., Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Vol.37 No.6 December 2005 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/diameterModels/IATE/IATEsources/wakeEntrainmentCoalescence Bubble coalescence due to wake entrainment IATE source as defined in paper: \verbatim "Development of Interfacial Area Transport Equation" Ishii, M., Kim, S. and Kelly, J., Nuclear Engineering and Technology, Vol.37 No.6 December 2005 \endverbatim multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/diameterModels/isothermalDiameter Isothermal dispersed-phase particle diameter model. multiphase/twoPhaseEulerFoam/twoPhaseSystem/phaseModel Total 679

PENGUINITIS